The systemic risks of the whole [wind + photovoltaic] for the security of electricity supply of the country

The author basically criticises the determination of the electric power system failure criterion by RTE through a probabilistic approach whereas, for example, German network managers adopted a deterministic approach. He identifies three systemic risks associated with a whole [wind + photovoltaic] strategy and discusses the implications of these risks: the almost total absence of wind in winter under anticyclonic conditions, the fragility of wind energy and photovoltaic energy installations in front of tempest with strong wind gusts, and a blind promotion of this whole [wind + photovoltaic] option. The author notably states that the system failure criterion does not make public authorities aware of actual risks, outlines the risky character of RTE's hypothesis on the contribution of wind energy to the supply-demand equilibrium, highlights new systemic risks at the European scale, and states that only steerable means are able to ensure the security of power supply