Updated biokinetic model for systemic americium

The biokinetic model for systemic americium (Am) currently recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) for application to occupational intake of Am is based on information available through the early 1990s. Much additional information on Am biokinetics has been developed in the past 25 y, including measurements of retention and excretion of ²⁴¹Am in many workers with ²⁴¹Am burdens and post mortem measurements of ²⁴¹Am in tissues of some of those workers. The ICRP's current Am model is reasonably consistent with the updated information, with the main exception that the current model apparently overestimates 24-hour urinary Am as a fraction of skeletal or systemic Am at late times after intake. This paper provides an overview of current information on the systemic kinetics of Am in adult human subjects and laboratory animals and presents an updated biokinetic model for systemic Am that addresses the discrepancies between the current database and current ICRP systemic model for Am. This model is applied in Part 4 (to appear) of an ICRP series of reports on intake of radionuclides by workers called the OIR (Occupational Intake of Radionuclides) series. (paper)