Dielectric characteristics of La(Mg_0.5−xNi_xSn_0.5)O₃ ceramics at microwave frequency for application in sub-6 GHz patch array antenna

The series of La(Mg_0.5−xNi_xSn_0.5)O₃ microwave ceramics were investigated for application in sub-6 GHz patch array antenna. The microwave dielectric characteristics of La(Mg_0.5−xNi_xSn_0.5)O₃ ceramics are determined using X-ray diffraction patterns, Rietveld refinement, and Raman spectra. As the degree of substitution of Ni²⁺ increases, the position of the A_1g(O) Raman mode shifts toward a higher frequency. The La(Mg_0.45Ni_0.05Sn_0.5)O₃ exhibits a minimum full width at half maximum for the A_1g(O) Raman vibration mode. At x = 0.05, a permittivity of 19.8 and a quality factor (Q × f) of 104,000 GHz were achieved with a temperature coefficient at the resonant frequency (TCF) of − 87.9 ppm/°C. The proposed sub-6 GHz 2 × 2 patch array antenna has frequencies cover sub-6 GHz band, LTE band 42, and LTE band 43. A 10 dB return loss with bandwidth 848 MHz (3114–3962 MHz) was successfully achieved.