VERITAS Observations of the Galactic Center Region at Multi-TeV Gamma-Ray Energies

The Galactic Center (GC) region hosts a variety of powerful astronomical sources and rare astrophysical processes that emit a large flux of nonthermal radiation. The inner 375 pc × 600 pc region, called the Central Molecular Zone, is home to the supermassive black hole Sagittarius A*, massive cloud complexes, and particle accelerators such as supernova remnants (SNRs). We present the results of our improved analysis of the very-high-energy gamma-ray emission above 2 TeV from the GC using 125 hr of data taken with the Very Energetic Radiation Imaging Telescope Array System imaging-atmospheric Cerenkov telescope between 2010 and 2018. The central source VER J1745–290, consistent with the position of Sagittarius A*, is detected at a significance of 38 standard deviations above the background level (38σ), and we report its spectrum and light curve. Its differential spectrum is consistent with a power law with exponential cutoff, with a spectral index of ${2.12}_{-0.17}^{+0.22}$, a flux normalization at 5.3 TeV of ${1.27}_{-0.23}^{+0.22}\times {10}^{-13}$ TeV⁻¹ cm⁻² s⁻¹, and cutoff energy of ${10.0}_{-2.0}^{+4.0}$ TeV. We also present results on the diffuse emission near the GC, obtained by combining data from multiple regions along the GC ridge, which yield a cumulative significance of 9.5σ. The diffuse GC ridge spectrum is best fit by a power law with a hard index of 2.19 ± 0.20, showing no evidence of a cutoff up to 40 TeV. This strengthens the evidence for a potential accelerator of PeV cosmic rays being present in the GC. We also provide spectra of the other sources in our field of view with significant detections, composite SNR G0.9+0.1, and HESS J1746–285.