Monte Carlo simulation of the energy loss of low-energy electrons in liquid water

A Monte Carlo code that performs detailed (i.e. event-by-event) simulation of the transport and energy loss of low-energy electrons (∼ 50-10,000 eV) in water in the liquid phase is presented. The inelastic model for energy loss is based on a semi-empirical dielectric-response function for the valence-shells of the liquid whereas an exchange corrected semi-classical formula was used for K-shell ionization. Following a methodology widely used for the vapour phase, we succeeded in parametrizing the dielectric cross-sections of the liquid in accordance with the Bethe asymptote, thus providing a unified approach for both phases of water and greatly facilitating the computations. Born-corrections at lower energies have been implemented in terms of a second-order perturbation term with a simple Coulomb-field correction and the use of a Mott-type exchange modification. Angular deflections were determined by empirical schemes established from vapour data. Electron tracks generated by the code were used to calculate energy- and interaction-point-kernel distributions at low electron energies in liquid water. The effect of various model assumptions (e.g., dispersion, Born-corrections, phase) on both the single-collision and slowing-down distributions is examined