Why nonlocal recursion operators produce local symmetries: new results and applications

It is well known that integrable hierarchies in (1+1) dimensions are local while the recursion operators that generate these hierarchies usually contain nonlocal terms. We resolve this apparent discrepancy by providing simple and universal sufficient conditions for a (nonlocal) recursion operator in (1+1) dimensions to generate a hierarchy of local symmetries. These conditions are satisfied by virtually all recursion operators known today and are much easier to verify than those found in earlier work. We also give explicit formulae for the nonlocal parts of higher recursion, Hamiltonian and symplectic operators of integrable systems in (1+1) dimensions. Using these two results we prove, under some natural assumptions, the Maltsev-Novikov conjecture stating that higher Hamiltonian, symplectic and recursion operators of integrable systems in (1+1) dimensions are weakly nonlocal, i.e., the coefficients of these operators are local and these operators contain at most one integration operator in each term