Selecting a burden formula for surface mine blasting

The burden is the most important variable in surface blasting. To determine it there are several competing formulas, each with its own unique claims to priority. Eight burden formulas were systematically examined. These ranged from theoretical approaches to empirical ones, and included the cratering concept. On this basis it was found that the formulas constituted a predictable spectrum based on the geologic conditions of a particular burden formula and within this spectrum results in its appropriate application