Mercury, Methylmercury and other Heavy Metals in Fish in Colombia: Risk from Ingestion

In 2013, fish provided to more of 3100 million people about 20 % of the average intake of animal protein per capita (FAO, 2016). According to the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), in Colombia and, particularly in the coastal populations, 90 % of the protein consumption of animal origin comes from fish, mainly as a result of very low access comparing it with another type of proteins. Colombia faces one of the biggest problems due to global environmental pollution, generated in largely part by the abuse of chemical substances for the exploitation of minerals, poor disposal of wastewater and inadequate industrial and agricultural practices, in bodies of natural water essential for population dynamics of animals, plants and humans. As a global strategy to reduce the risks to human health from the consumption of fish contaminated with heavy metals, maximum permissible limits have been considered, proposed by different entities. However, 31.5 % of the results of studies published for Colombia, register higher than the permissible limit recommended by the WHO (0.5 μg/g). The results presented in this review, evidence the urgent need to conduct studies that assess the health risk faced by residents of mining and non-mining areas of Colombia, will also provide scientific foundations and bases for the establishment of strategic axes that permit the start-up of new productive projects, which offer the population access to various sources of food.