Flow boiling heat transfer enhancement on copper surface using Fe doped Al₂O₃–TiO₂ composite coatings

Graphical abstract: - Highlights: • Fe–Al₂O₃–TiO₂ composite coatings were coated on the copper using spray pyrolysis. • Effect of Fe doping on porosity was determined using AFM. • Effect of Fe doping on hydrophilicity was determined. • Higher enhancement in CHF was obtained for 7.2 at% Fe doped coated sample. - Abstract: In the present work, flow boiling experiments were conducted to study the effect of spray pyrolyzed Fe doped Al₂O₃–TiO₂ composite coatings over the copper heater blocks on critical heat flux (CHF) and boiling heat transfer coefficient. Heat transfer studies were conducted in a mini-channel of overall dimension 30 mm × 20 mm × 0.4 mm using de-mineralized water as the working fluid. Each coated sample was tested for two mass fluxes to explore the heat transfer performance. The effect of Fe addition on wettability and porosity of the coated surfaces were measured using the static contact angle metre and the atomic force microscope (AFM), and their effect on flow boiling heat transfer were investigated. A significant enhancement in CHF and boiling heat transfer coefficient were observed on all coated samples compared to sand blasted copper surface. A maximum enhancement of 52.39% and 44.11% in the CHF and heat transfer coefficient were observed for 7.2% Fe doped TiO₂–Al₂O₃ for a mass flux of 88 kg/m² s