Basics of spectroscopic instruments. X-ray fluorescence spectrometer, X-ray absorption spectrometer, and X-ray photoelectron spectrometer

Basics of x-ray fluorescence spectrometer, x-ray absorption spectrometer, and x-ray photoelectron spectrometer are reviewed. X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and x-ray absorption spectroscopy are non-destructive and bulk-sensitive techniques of elemental and chemical-state analyses, respectively. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is generally employed for characterizing surfaces and/or adsorbents of solid materials. The composition and each element of these spectroscopic devices are described, and qualitative and quantitative analytical procedures are explained using recent examples. (author)