Ionic liquid/reduced graphene oxide/nickel-palladium nanoparticle hybrid synthesized for non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose sensing

Highlights: • Synthesis of Highly dispersed nanoparticle in ionic liquid-graphene oxide. • Developed role of Ionic liquid as modifier and stabilizer. • Catalytic activity via synergetic effect of IL/RGO with Nickel and Palladium. • High sensitivity of 1504.61 μAmM⁻¹cm⁻², determination range of 0.2 μM–10 mM and detection limit of 0.03 μM. Ionic liquids (ILs) were synthesized for the purpose of graphene oxide modification through π-π bonding and anchoring highly dispersed bimetallic Ni-Pd nanoparticles on reduced graphene oxide (RGO). Metallic ions (Pd²⁺ and Ni²⁺) were initially attached to an ionic liquid and graphene oxide composite. The ionic liquid served as a stabilizer following metal ions and graphene oxide sheets reduction by NaBH₄, which produced an IL/RGO/Ni-Pd hybrid. The π-π interaction between the synthesized ionic liquid and graphene oxide was characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (¹H NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–vis). The result of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) demonstrated Ni-Pd NPs (3–5 nm in size) were uniformly dispersed on the IL/RGO composite. Electrochemical measurements revealed IL/RGO/Ni-Pd modified glassy carbon electrodes directly catalyzed glucose oxidation and displayed enhanced current response compared with RGO/Ni-Pd including a response time within 3 s, a linear range from 0.2 μM to 10 mM, good reproducibility, considerable stability, and excellent anti-interference to electro-active molecules. The superior catalytic activity and selectivity make the IL/RGO/Ni-Pd hybrid a promising nanomaterial for applications in direct detection of glucose.