Molecular level assessments of radiation bio-damage

We briefly review and summarize the areas of investigation allowing a modern molecular-level approach to radiation bio-damage assessment. We focus on the complementary processes initiated by ions and electrons, whose interactions with biological compounds are undoubtedly attracting and inspired cutting-edge research in the field. The implementation of these and other aspects within theoretical or simulation approaches is also reported. The effects related to the environment complicated by the biological features that constitute the physiological target of radiation are also discussed. We also report the advanced applications and developments for radiotherapy and radiation protection