Dynamical measures of density in exotic cosmologies

I examine the evolution of density fluctuations and compute the global density inferred by standard dynamical methods in various exotic cosmological models, where a significant portion of the present mass density is not fairly sampled by galaxies. In such models, these standard measures give incorrect results. The naive expectation, that the apparent fraction of critical density Ω is equal to the fraction of mass galaxies, Ω=α, is slightly modified in the full calculation. The presence of an exotic component relieves some cosmological problems and aggravates others, and can be detected observationally by comparing quantities dependent on expansion rate with quantities dependent on curvature. (orig.)