Spatiotemporal variation of hand-foot-mouth disease in relation to socioecological factors: A multiple-province analysis in Vietnam

Highlights: • There are significant effects of breastfeeding, house condition, safe water on HFMD. • There are significant effects of temperatures and humidity on variation of HFMD. • Findings reflect important implications for climate change adaptation in Vietnam. • HFMD weather-based early warning systems should be considered. Hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) is a significant public health issue in Asia-pacific countries. Numerous studies have examined the relationship between socio-ecological factors and HFMD however the research findings were inconsistent. This study examined the association between socio-ecologic factors and HFMD in multiple provinces across Vietnam.