Time-of-flight systems for heavy ions

This chapter describes the use of time-of-flight (TOF) systems to determine the mass of heavy ions. Topics considered include general considerations of time-of-flight measurements (capabilities and limitations), timing detectors (surface barrier detectors, scintillation detectors, secondary electron emission detectors, parallel plate avalanche counters, low-pressure noble gas scintillator counters, pulsed-bunched ion beams), and time-of-flight arrangements (the standard TOF, TOF used in magnetic spectrometers)