System simulation of utility-scale lithium-ion battery energy storage systems. An assessment of the energy efficiency, the battery degradation, and the economics of system operation

To benefit the power system both ecologically and economically, battery energy storage systems require a high energy efficiency and long battery lifetime. This work presents a detailed analysis of these two metrics for utility-scale lithium-ion battery energy storage systems. The metrics are evaluated through simulations and experiments, and approaches to improve them are discussed. Finally, their impact on the economics of system operation are evaluated and compared.