[en] Two expert opinions designed for the 'Report on the fundamentals and practice of experts' activities within the framework of the licensing and control procedures and ordered by the Federal Government have been published. Mr. Lukes deals with expert affairs in the area of nuclear energy in the Federal Republic of Germany with special regard to the TUeV (Technical Supervisory Association) and to the Society for Reactor Safety. Theoretical models for a new organization are not feasible, partly because of legal reasons, partly because of practical reasons. Only a regulation related to expertise as well as objectivity and independence by means of regulations, and a change in the organizational by-laws of the experts' organizations seem to be useful. The second recommendation by Bischof and Pelzer deals with the legal situation existing in this area in France, the UK and in the USA. In the Federal Republic of Germany there are considerable discrepancies to be found, resulting from different constitutional structures and different forms of organizing the utilization of nuclear energy. The transferability of models from one legal system to another are therefore limited. (HSCH)

[en] The paper discusses the legal issues and problems involved, gives an overview on the pertinent legal provision (sect. 7 (2), 3 AtG) and outlines the associated measures to be assigned under aspects of completion stage: a) plant being planned, but not yet licenced; b) plant under construction; c) plant finished and in operation. The assignment of measures to either the field of risk or the field of precaution will depend solely from the degree of probability of the occurrence of such a beyond-design event. The outcome of such an assignment will also have consequences for the participation of the general public, for third-party protection and, thus, for legal actions. (orig./HSCH)

[en] Major findings of the HNEC study to date are as follows: (1) No insurmountable technical problems have been revealed, but problems have been identified that appear to be more difficult to resolve than those for dispersed siting. (2) Major technical advancements are needed in meteorology and probably in seismology before an ER or SAR can be prepared for an NEC. (3) The absence of licensing guidelines and criteria appears to be one major deterrent to utility action in developing an NEC. (4) NECs will probably bring about the use of dry or wet-dry cooling systems before they are required in equivalent numbers for dispersed plants. (5) Utilities appear to favor a satellite-type NEC rather than a major concentration of nuclear facilities at a single location. (6) The NEC concept may not be as conserving of total energy as dispersed facilities may be in the future

[en] The concept of energy parks in general and nuclear energy centers in particular has received consideration by utility and government planners since the early 1960's. Reaction to the approach have varied widely. Utilities, however, have generally responded favorably to the principle but recognize that only a very few such sites would be identified and not all of these would be developed. Brief comments on the energy center concept are divided into three general areas: (1) potential problems associated with licensing and other environmental reviews; (2) Commonwealth Edison's assessment of the energy center concept and the near term potential for such sites in the midwest; and (3) several suggested actions which appear prerequisite to the establishment of energy parks

[en] This habilitation thesis starts with a systemizing inventory of the stage of development; therefore central complexes of problems, above all the problem of the authorization for plants according to the Atomic Energy Law, are being analysed with regard to their possible development. The thesis shows the typical regulation structures and the existing regulation deficiencies of the Atomic Energy Law. On this basis the author tries to give more basic statements on the specific substance of the subject in regard to its contents intending to insinuate a new course of development with respect to the executive organization and judicial control. Among other things the author considers the 'lege ferenda' but his main objective was to determine the possibilities of development that the current law offers. (HSCH)

[en] There is an emerging need in the nuclear industry for regulatory bodies to process applications for licenses/permits in order to allow nuclear license applicants to prepare a nuclear site by undertaking early construction activities before the issuance of a construction permit by the regulatory organization or the selection of a specific facility design. This is proving to be a challenge as most regulators have no experience in dealing with this issue. Furthermore, there are no explicit IAEA guidelines addressing the issue. Some countries such as Canada, UK and USA have established local practices based on current projects they are engaged in. However, such practices are both country and project specific. This challenge presents increased opportunities for TSOs to participate in licensing activities for which regulatory bodies are not routinely structured to undertake. It also presents an opportunity for regulatory bodies to diversify their organizational structures in order to meet increasing industry demands and expectations. The aim of this paper is to disseminate information on the process currently being followed by the National Nuclear Regulator (NNR) of South Africa to address the challenge highlighted above in a country and project specific context. The paper presents the operational model chosen by the NNR to address the issue, provides a summary of the project deliverables accomplished so far in order to formalize their acceptance and closure, highlights lessons learnt, outlines the strategic objectives for future deliverables. Major risks for mitigation are also outlined to ensure that subsequent phases of the project remain on track. The successful completion of the phases of the project completed so far, despite some challenges, serves as an important demonstration that similar projects can be planned and completed with products that have direct use by other regulatory bodies. (author)

[en] The polluter pays principle is to be used in the future as a basis for raising fees for the implementation of the Atomic Energy Act which meet the costs arising in this connection. The existing legal basis for the insurance of cost ordinances will be cast into more precise wording and expanded accordingly in Sec. 21 to 21b of the German Atomic Energy Act. This draft legislation will open up the possibility to charge the holders of permits and applicants with payment of the administrative costs and the expenditures arising in connection with the construction and operation of plants under Sec. 9 a, Subsec. 3 of the Atomic Energy Act. (HP)

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[en] Questions: 1) What does the West German Government think of the present licensing procedure for nuclear power stations. 2) To what extent has the West German Goverment investigated whether all the legal and technical regulations to be observed are mutually consistent. 3) How are the rules of scientifc and technological development applied and harmonised. 4) From what criteria are the West German Minister's guidelines derived. 5) During the long construction periods, how does one guarantee that the safety standard of the plant complies with the latest state of science and technology. 6) How does one discover the effect of constructional modifications and back fitting of the total safety related design. (HP)