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[en] There are many different mathematical models that can be used to evaluate ah inspection system's Probability of Detection (PoD). Each model has a unique feature, These features can make one model more appropriate than another model. There are more than 12 commonly used PoD models used in NDT and each model has its own unique mathematical form. This article introduces each model and compares them to reveal their unique features. PoD is typically rather heavily explained using mathematics, but understanding the mathematics to a very deep level is not required to generate a good PoD curve. Computers take care of the heavy math. Having an understanding of the differences between model types is essential for creating a PoD that actually represents the inspection situation. This is the main reason behind having a selection of models. (author)

[en] Small-scale mechanical testing on irradiated materials is gaining popularity in the nuclear materials community due to the fact that mechanical property changes can be evaluated from shallowly ion-beam-irradiated materials as well as from small volumes of reactor-irradiated components. While the obvious benefits of accelerated research and reduction of radiation exposure are gained through these methods, these methods also target specific microstructural areas of interest. This paper presents a summary of current techniques that are utilized and outlines a path towards a more thorough understanding of small volume testing on irradiated materials.

[en] These proceedings contain 67 communications of which 21 have been analyzed and indexed separately. Methods which are nuclear or applied to the nuclear field (e.g. reactors) are the main part of the subjects covered

[en] The last ASTM Standard E94 which classified Industrial Radiography films was published in 1984. Since that time inspection contracts in US and worldwide have continued to specify Type 1 and Type 2 films--although these no longer exist. From 1990 there was discussion within ASTM and work was done by ASTM Committee E07-01. The method proposed used data on graininess and gradient to produce an index to represent quality. In the early version the author found that it was possible to have a very fine grain low-contrast film with the same index as a fine grain film, with high contrast. The draft standard was then developed, so that it is possible to classify both types of film in separate groups. The first is the Classical type of film and the second is a Wide Latitude film. In a Classical film, the contrast increases over the useable density range. The range of application standards specify densities generally from D = 2.0 to D = 4.0. A radiologist would expect contrast to be higher at D = 4.0 compared with contrast at D = 2.0. The new ASTM film classification uses a signal to noise ratio--with minimum values for each class for contrast and a maximum value for graininess. The ASTM Classification System uses the same parameters as the European Standard EN584-1 and ISO CD

[en] This paper describes the manufacturing techniques used to obtain artificial reference defects of a very good quality for Non Destructive Testing. (author)

[en] The Probability of Detection (PoD) is a very useful aspect of an inspection. It is a measure of an inspection system and/or personnel's detection capabilities. The PoD can be used to quantify improvements to an inspection, as well as personnel performance changes. Although the PoD can be a useful NDT tool, it is not used extensively. This is mainly due to the complex mathematics behind the model. Evaluating a PoD has specific NDT requirements, as well as statistical requirements. (author)

[en] All NDT inspections use models. The number and type of models will vary between inspections. A qualified inspection will use a PoD model to evaluate detection capabilities. All techniques have some degree of calibration. Some calibration processes generate curves that are simple models. Parameters are the building blocks of models. Models can be generated to understand what happens to the results of an inspection when parameters change. Not all parameter variation will cause a decrease in a system's detection capability. For example, an increase in an indication's length will likely increase the chance of detection. Each variable or parameter involved in an inspection has natural variations. These variations will affect an inspection with different degrees. Evaluating when a change is significant becomes an important aspect in developing sound inspection techniques. This article addresses several techniques used to determine significance in changes between measurements. (author)

[en] Revision 2 incorporates changes to reflect a 150 psig pressure rating for the mechanically closed MCO and 450 psig pressure rating with the cover cap welded in place, per the MCO Performance Specification, HNF-S-0426, Rev. 5

[en] Shape memory effect is the most effectively performed on NiTi shape memory alloy. The shape memory effect phenomena are related to solid-state phase transformation so the atomic neighbourhood orientation keeps during the phase transformation process. Stress and energy release during the phase transformation have effects on orientations of the atomic structure. However, if SMAs are exposure to repeated regular deforming and shape recovery cyclings, this will eventually cause some loses in their shape memory recoverability. In this study, the shape memory effect loss ratio of Ni_46.84Ti_53.16 (at%) alloy was investigated by systematic stress-strain mechanical tests and significant shifts was recorded on shape recovery ratios. (paper)