[en] The opening of Nord Pool in 1996 seriously constrained the power companies' ability to exercise market power within their national borders. Currently there is an integration process going on among the power companies in the Nord Pool area. It manifest itself in terms of take-over and reciprocal acquisition of shares in the power companies - nationally and abroad. This process may undo what the introduction of the common power market achieved in curtailing market power. The aim of this paper is to investigate the effects on market power of increased cross- ownership in the Nordic power market. (au)

[en] This paper summarises the historical development of three Nordic nuclear research centres, and discusses their role in technology transfer and international collaboration. It examines the extent to which they have adapted to the changing environment for nuclear power or whether the society they serve has accepted them as established institutions with a continuing role.(author) 24 refs

[en] The EKO 4/c working group of the environmental effects and emergency preparedness programme (EKO) of the Nordic Nuclear Safety Research (NKS) organised a decision conference on August 30th and 31st, 1995 in Stockholm, Sweden. The meeting was designed to be attended by those responsible for planning and deciding on protective actions in the Nordic countries after a nuclear accident. Issues concerning clean-up strategies in an urban environment after a hypothetical and very severe reactor accident were discussed at the meeting. The objectives of the meeting were to provide a shared understanding between the decision makers and the radiation protection community on concerns and issues related to decision on protective actions after a nuclear accident. (6 refs., 2 figs., 3 tabs.)

[en] Short communication

[en] The radiation of noise to the environment is currently a major issue with regard to U.K. wind farm developments. The reason for this concern is not that wind turbines are unduly noisy, but rather because wind farms are often located in rural areas where background noise levels can fall very low. The fact that background noise levels fall so low in these areas means that the permissible noise radiation from wind farms must also be kept similarly low if nuisance to local residents is to be avoided. However, ensuring that the overall noise level of the wind farm does not exceed the pre-existing background noise level by more than a set amount is not the whole story. Noise radiated from wind turbines can exhibit characteristics that set it apart from the natural background noises typically found in quiet rural areas, where ''natural'' background noises might include the sound of the wind blowing through trees, or the sound of running water. One of the acoustic characteristics that can be attributed to some wind turbines is the radiation of tonal noise from mechanical plant located in the nacelles. It is well accepted that tonal components in otherwise broad band, or ''characterless'', noise, can increase the subjective perception of that noise. Account for increased annoyance due to tones is found in both of the British Standards which relate to environmental noise; BS4142 and BS7445. (UK)

[en] The findings of environmental studies at wind farms in the UK were drawn together into a central inventory in order to assist in the process of future environmental assessments and to form the basis of a review of the current state of knowledge of the ecological impacts of wind farm developments. Information was gathered from a broad range of sources including the British Wind Energy Association, individual wind farm developers and from statutory and non-statutory conservation bodies. This report presents written summaries of the environmental monitoring programmes that have been undertaken at existing wind farms, as well as tabulated summaries of the environmental issues addressed in environmental assessments of proposed developments. (author)

[en] In solar flares, accelerated ions undergo nuclear interactions in the solar atmosphere. In these interactions high-energy neutrons are produced and emitted into the interplanetary space. In this paper, the author will discuss several prominent characteristics of electrons produced by the decay of solar neutrons. Calculations are given which show that solar-neutron decay electrons will bring unique information on the total amount of produced neutrons. Properties of solar-neutron decay electrons are investigated exhaustively by numerical simulations. After a neutron decay in interplanetary space, the electron trajectory has been traced along the magnetic field, taking the electron pitch angle scattering into account. The calculations show that these electron can be detected in a properly prepared electron detector if solar flares occur in a region of solar surface from the central to western limb of the Sun. It is predicted that the electron flux will be enhanced when the interplanetary magnetic field is connected to the Sun at its minimum distance from the solar surface. It is predicted that the energy spectrum of the solar neutron decay electrons is significantly peaked at around 400 keV, and as such, the neutron contribution to the spectrum can be easily identified from background electrons and/or directly accelerated electrons in the flares

[en] This paper report the evolution of industrial sectors, the economic situation and forecasting

[en] Major elements of dam regulations in Switzerland were reviewed and updated to include modifications introduced in 1986. This most recent modification includes the concept of emergency preparedness in addition to major updates to the concept of structural safety and monitoring. Details concerning the cornerstone of the emergency preparedness plan, the water alarm, were provided, and their application illustrated with a real-life example. 4 refs., 3 figs

[en] In this paper reported some considerations related to the organization and management in matter of energy and environment in regional and local government. Administrative procedures, organizational models and feasibility in the italian regions are reported