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Vathaire, F. de; Vernier, Ph.; Pascouet, A.
CEA Saclay, 91 - Gif-sur-Yvette (France)
CEA Saclay, 91 - Gif-sur-Yvette (France)
AbstractAbstract
[en] This paper reviews the experience acquired in France on the question, of reactor safety. Since a special paper is being presented on reactors of the graphite gas type, the safety of the other types studied in France is discussed here: - heavy water-gas reactors, - fast neutron reactors, - water research reactors of the swimming-pool and tank types. The safety rules peculiar to the different types are explained, with emphasis on their influence on the reactor designs and on the power limits they impose. The corresponding safety studies are presented, particular stress being placed on the original work developed in these fields. Special mention is made of the experimental systems constructed for these studies: the reactor CABRI, pile loop for depressurization tests, loops outside the pile, mock-ups etc. (authors)
[fr]
La presente communication propose une synthese de l'experience acquise en France en matiere de surete des reacteurs. Les reacteurs de la filiere graphite-gaz faisant l'objet d'une communication particuliere, on examine ici la surete des autres types de reacteurs etudies en France: - reacteurs eau lourde-gaz, - reacteurs a neutrons rapides, - reacteurs de recherche a eau des types piscines et tank. Les imperatifs de surete propres aux differentes filieres sont developpes, en mettant l'accent sur leur influence sur la conception des reacteurs et sur les limitations de puissance qu'ils entrainent. Les etudes de surete correspondantes sont presentees, en insistant plus particulierement sur les travaux originaux developpes dans ces domaines. On indique notamment les moyens d'essais qui ont ete construits pour ces etudes: le reacteur CABRI, boucle en pile pour essais de depressurisation, boucles hors pile, maquettes, etc. (auteurs)Original Title
Conception de la surete en france et influence des imperatifs de surete sur la conception des reacteurs
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1964; 24 p; 23 refs.
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[en] In a center for the processing of irradiated fuels, as in any other factory, continuity of production can only be achieved through constant effort to maintain the standard of safety. The authors examine the safety elements inherent in the design of the installations, from the point of view of both radioactive and conventional protection. It is clear that in the nuclear industry it is not sufficient merely to adopt the usual precautions against the risks of explosion, fire, etc...; but great attention must be paid to the problems arising from the confinement of materials, radioactivity and the risks of criticality. The general principles of the technical prevention of radioactive risks are now well known. They must be applied as soon as the plans are drawn up for the installations, by taking into account : - the design and construction of the installations with respect to the risks mentioned above - the division of the plant into zones - the circulation of personnel and material - ventilation and purification of the air. The technical safety factors however, are not sufficient in themselves. However good the material and the degree of automation achieved, the smooth running of a factory depends on the man responsible for supervision and repair work or who takes initiatives. Technical safety is never definitive and must be continually maintained. The collaboration of the workers is necessary to its efficiency. Psychological measures must thus be taken as an addition to the technical precautions. This psychological prevention is based on: - education of the personnel - organization of the work and definition of the safety rules - checking on obedience to the rules and behaviour of the personnel - constant reminders of the necessity for the prevention of radioactive risks. Six years operation of the irradiated fuel processing plant at Marcoule have shown the importance of close collaboration between workers and technique. The authors analyse the results obtained from an organization of the work aimed at eliminating the causes of incidents. They investigate the following points in particular: - frequency of entry into forbidden zones during normal functioning - the distribution of exceptional tasks - the prevention of criticality risks - zone contamination incidents - the volume and nature of decontaminated material and eliminated residues - the evolution and distribution of external irradiation doses received by the workers - the frequency of cases of body contamination - internal contamination fixed in the organisms of workers. Conclusions are drawn from the different incidents which have occurred during the years of operating the plant. (author)
[fr]
Dans une usine de traitement de combustibles irradies comme dans toute autre usine, la continuite de la production ne peut etre obtenue que par une recherche constante de la securite. Les auteurs examinent les elements de securite apportes par la conception des installations tant au point de vue de la securite classique que de la securite radiologique. Dans l'industrie nucleaire, il ne suffit pas, en effet, d'adopter seulement les precautions habituelles prises contre les risques d'explosion, d'incendie...; il faut aussi apporter beaucoup d'attention aux problemes poses par le confinement des matieres, la radioactivite et les risques de criticite. Les principes generaux de la prevention technique contre les risques radioactifs sont maintenant bien connus. Leur application doit se traduire des la conception des installations par des dispositions concernant: - la conception et la realisation des installations vis-a-vis des risques deja enumeres, - la division de l'usine en zones, - la circulation du personnel et du materiel, - la ventilation et l'epuration de l'air. Les facteurs techniques de securite ne sont toutefois pas suffisants a eux seuls. Quelle que soit la qualite du materiel et le degre d'automatisme atteint, la continuite de fonctionnement d'une usine implique l'intervention de l'homme qui surveille, depanne, prend des initiatives. La securite technique n'est jamais definitive et a tout instant elle a beesoin d'etre maintenue. Elle ne peut rester efficace qu'avec la collaboration des travailleurs. Il est donc necessaire qu'une prevention psychologique vienne completer la prevention technique. Cette prevention psychologique repose sur: - l' education du personnel, - l'organisation du travail et la definition des consignes de securite - le controle du respect des consignes et du comportement des travailleurs, - le rappel incessant de la necessite de la prevention des risques radioactifs. Six annees d'exploitation de l'usine de traitement de combustibles irradies de Marcoule ont fait la preuve de l'importance d'une collaboration etroite entre l'homme et la technique. Les auteurs analysent les resultats obtenus grace a une organisation du travail visant l'elimination des causes d'incidents. ils etudient en particulier les points suivants: - la frequence des entrees dans les zones interdites en fonctionnement normal, - la repartition des travaux a caracteres exceptionnel, - la prevention des risques de criticite, les incidents de contamination de zones, - le volume et la nature du materiel decontamine et des residus elimines, l'evolution et la repartition des doses d'irradation externe recues par les travailleurs, - la frequence des cas de contamination corporelle, - la contamination interne fixee dans l'organisme des travailleurs. Une philosophie est tiree des differents incidents apparus au cours des annees d'exploitation de l'usine. (auteur)Original Title
Elements de securite tires de six annees d'exploitation de l'usine de traitement de combustibles irradies du Centre de Marcoule
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1964; 20 p
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[en] The manufacture of the zirconium containing 'driver' fuel and fuel elements for the First Charge of the Dragon Reactor Experiment has been completed without incident. This is a report on the safety of operations in the Dragon Fuel Element Production Building during an approximately six month period when the 'driver' fuel was manufactured and 25 elements containing this fuel were assembled and exported to the Reactor Building. The opportunity is taken to bring the Safety Document up-to-date and to report on any significant operational failures of equipment. (author)
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Jan 1965; 83 p
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Report
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DOCUMENT TYPES, ENERGY SOURCES, ENRICHED URANIUM REACTORS, EXPERIMENTAL REACTORS, FUELS, GAS COOLED REACTORS, GRAPHITE MODERATED REACTORS, HELIUM COOLED REACTORS, HTGR TYPE REACTORS, POWER REACTORS, REACTOR COMPONENTS, REACTOR MATERIALS, REACTORS, RESEARCH AND TEST REACTORS, THERMAL REACTORS, THORIUM REACTORS
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Fitoussi, L.; Lebouleux, Ph.; Bricard, Ph.; Moreau, A.
CEA Saclay, 91 - Gif-sur-Yvette (France)
CEA Saclay, 91 - Gif-sur-Yvette (France)
AbstractAbstract
[en] The setting up of experimental devices around a reactor produces dangers of irradiation and radioactive contamination which can become very great in the case of an accident, especially if the in-pile portion contains fissile matter. This may result in irradiation of personnel, prohibition of access to the experimental zones until the sources of irradiation and contamination have been eliminated, and a prolonged stoppage of the reactor. The plans for an in-pile experiment should take into account radioprotection factors; the aim of these is to reduce to a minimum the radioactive risks normally encountered during the experiment and to eliminate any risks of bad accidents and their consequences. In this report are classified the various types of experiments requiring installations outside the pile itself; for each of these experiments the particular radioprotection factors are given. In order to make possible a study of the radioactive dangers likely to arise during a projected experiment, the authors summarize the physical and technical data required by radioprotection specialists and give the rules and general advice concerning radioprotection which should be useful during the planning of an in-pile experiment and the setting-up of the equipment. (authors)
[fr]
L'implantation de dispositifs experimentaux aupres des reacteurs cree des risques d'irradiation et de contamination radioactive qui peuvent devenir importants en cas d'accident, surtout si la partie en pile comprend des matieres fissiles. Il peut en resulter des irradiations de personne, l'interdiction des aires experimentales jusqu'a elimination des sources d'irradiation et de contamination, un arret prolonge de la pile. L'etude d'un projet d'experience en pile doit donc tenir compte des considerations de radioprotection dont le souci est de reduire aux niveaux tolerables les risques radioactifs inherents au fonctionnement normal de l'experience et d'eliminer les risques d'accidents graves et leurs consequences. Ce rapport classe les differents types d'experience necessitant des installations exterieures au bloc pile et souligne pour chacune de ces experiences les particularites remarquables sur le plan de la radioprotection. Pour permettre l'etude des risques radioactifs de l'experience projetee, les auteurs resument les donnees physiques et techniques necessaires aux specialistes de la radioprotection et presentent les regles et recommandations generales de radioprotection a considerer lors de l'etude du projet d'un dispositif experimental et de son installation en pile. (auteurs)Original Title
Problemes de radioprotection poses par l'implantation de dispositifs experimentaux aupres d'une pile atomique
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1965; 23 p; 0 refs.
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Report
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Duhamel, F.; Menoux, A.
CEA Saclay, 91 - Gif-sur-Yvette (France)
CEA Saclay, 91 - Gif-sur-Yvette (France)
AbstractAbstract
[en] The development of the industrial use of atomic energy has underlined the need to promote a rational and coherent doctrine relative to the safety of nuclear installations, with particular reference to nuclear sites. The chief aim in the safety field is to reduce or even eliminate irradiation or contamination risks to the workers and the population due to normal or accidental functioning of the installations. A complex set of safety methods is used, amongst which the authors take into particular consideration those which are to some extent independent of the type of installation alarm and measurement systems and their setting in operation, technical and psychological training of individuals, estimation of the capacity of a site to absorb radioactive wastes without damage to the population. It is obvious, in effect, that the consequences of an accident are diminished by the improvement of monitoring, measurement and alarm systems, by the raising of the technical level and by training of personnel and the education of the population This is particularly true near a nuclear installation, where a study of the danger is somewhat abstract m nature and the technological means of protection are many and complex. From investigations to test the suitability of sites, it is possible to determine the diffusion or re-concentration parameters in the various natural media; in this way the fate of radioactive effluents can be anticipated from the installation in which they have their source to man who may be exposed to them. The organisation of radioactivity supervision on nuclear sites is very closely band up with these studies. Amongst the many fields of investigation open, the following will be emphasized particularly: - atmospheric diffusion experiments, the object of which is to determine the value of parameters established theoretically while at the same time taking account of complementary factors. - hydrological, hydrogeological and oceanographical studies, from which the fate of radioactive ions in the hydrosphere may be determined. - experiments and studies linked with the possibilities for disposal a underground storage of wastes. All these studies cover a complementary field, that of radioprotection, which forms the necessary link between nuclear safety proper, which concerns the actual operation of nuclear installations and medical supervision which directly concerns the health of the individual and the population. At the same time each one of the Health Physics disciplines possesses an independence which increases their efficiency on the safety level. (authors)
[fr]
Le developpement de l'utilisation industrielle de l'energie nucleaire a mis l'accent sur la necessite de promouvoir une doctrine rationnelle et coherente en matiere de securite des installations atomiques et plus particulierement en matiere de securite des sites nucleaires. Le but principal de la securite est de diminuer, voire d'annuler les risques d'irradiation ou de contamination des travailleurs et de la population, consecutifs au fonctionnement normal ou accidentel des installations. La securite est obtenue par la mise en oeuvre d'un ensemble complexe de moyens. Parmi ces moyens les auteurs considerent essentiellement ceux qui presentent une certaine independance a l'egard du type d'installation: moyens d'alerte et de mesure et leur mise en oeuvre - preparation psychologique et technique des individus - evaluation de la capacite d'un site a absorber les rejets radioactifs sans dommage pour la population. Il est clair en effet que les consequences d'un accident sont diminuees par l'augmentation de la valeur des moyens de surveillance, de mesure et d'alerte, l'elevation du niveau technique et l'entrainement du personnel, l'education de la population. Ceci est particulierement vrai aupres d'une installation nucleaire ou l'etude des dangers presente un caractere abstrait et ou les moyens technologiques de protection sont multiples et complexes. Les etudes de surete des sites permettent de preciser les parametres de diffusion ou de reconcentration dans les divers milieux naturels de facon a permettre de prevoir le sort des effluents radioactifs depuis les installations qui en sont la source jusqu'a l'homme qui peut y etre expose. L'organisation de la surveillance de la radioactivite sur les sites nucleaires est liee tres etroitement aux etudes de surete. Parmi les nombreuses etudes a mener, on insistera plus particulierement sur les experiences de diffusion atmospherique dont le but est de preciser la valeur des parametres introduits par la theorie tout en permettant de tenir compte de facteurs complementaires. - les etudes hydrologiques, hydrogeologiques et oceanographiques, qui permettent de preciser le sort des ions radioactifs dans l'hydrosphere. - les experiences et etudes liees aux possibilites de rejet ou de stockage des dechets dans le sol. L'ensemble de ces travaux constitue un moyen complementaire, la radioprotection, qui etablit une liaison necessaire entre la surete nucleaire proprement dite laquelle concerne le fonctionnement meme des installations nucleaires, et la surveillance medicale laquelle concerne directement la sante de l'individu et de la population. En meme temps,la radioprotection donne a chacune de ces disciplines une independance qui accroit leur efficacite sur le plan de la securite. (auteurs)Original Title
Les problemes de radioprotection devant le developpement de l'utilisation industrielle de l'energie nucleaire
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1964; 20 p
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[en] A brief survey is first given of the general theorems of Boodle's algebra and of sequence systems using D.A. Huffmans theory. Some indications are then given concerning the setting-up and the operation of digital computers and also of the principal codes used in digital techniques. It is then shown how digitalisation in atomic pile control makes it possible to use new techniques having the following advantages in particular: greater working safety, a higher degree of centralisation, and suppression of the linear elements. A few examples are given of the application of these techniques to control, particularly with respect to the measurement of the neutronic power and of the period and also of course, to the treatment of the data and the sequence automatisms. The advantage of using digital techniques in the shutdown channels is also examined. Finally a review is given of the technology and the viability of the control devices used. (author)
[fr]
On rappelle d'abord ici les theoremes generaux de l'algebre de Boole et des systemes a sequences en s'appuyant sur la theorie de D.A. Huffmann. On donne ensuite quelques indications sur l'agencement et le fonctionnement des calculateurs digitaux ainsi que les principaux codes utilises dans les techniques digitales. On montre alors comment la digitalisation dans le controle des piles atomiques permet d'utiliser de nouvelles techniques presentant principalement les avantages suivants: securite de fonctionnement plus grande, centralisation plus elevee et suppression des elements lineaires. Un certain nombre d'exemples sont donnes sur l'application de ces techniques au controle, particulierement en ce qui concerne la mesure de la puissance neutronique, de la periode et aussi bien entendu du traitement des informations et des automatismes a sequences. On analyse aussi l'avantage de l'utilisation des techniques digitales dans les chaines de securite. Enfin, un apercu est donne sur la technologie et la fiabilite des dispositifs de controle digitalise. (auteur)Original Title
La digitalisation dans le controle des piles atomiques (1962)
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1962; 171 p; 33 refs.
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[en] This note constitutes the first edition of a Handbook for the calculation of reactor protections. This handbook makes it possible to calculate simply the different neutron and gamma fluxes and consequently, to fix the minimum quantities of materials necessary under general safety conditions both for the personnel and for the installations. It contains a certain amount of nuclear data, calculation methods, and constants corresponding to the present state of our knowledge. (authors)
[fr]
Cette note constitue la premiere edition du 'Formulaire sur le calcul de la protection des reacteurs'. Ce formulaire permet de calculer de facon simple les difterents flux de neutrons et de gamma et, par suite, de fixer les quantites minima de materiaux a utiliser pour que les conditions generales de securite soient respectees, tant pour le personnel que pour les installations. Il contient un certain nombre de donnees nucleaires, de methodes de calcul et de constantes correspondant a l'etat actuel de nos connaissances. (auteurs)Original Title
Formulaire sur le calcul de la protection des reacteurs
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1963; 247 p; 65 refs.
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Weill, J.; Furet, J.; Baillet, J.; Donvez, G.; Duchene, J.; Gras, R.; Mercier, R.; Chenouard, J.; Leconte, J.
The Vinca dosimetry experiment
The Vinca dosimetry experiment
AbstractAbstract
[en] In the course of preparations for the dosimetry experiment at the R-B reactor the control and safety equipment of the reactor was found to be inadequate for operation at a constant power level of several watts. After completing the study of control and safety issues by CEA, safety and control were defined for the purpose of the Joint Dosimetry Experiment. Preparations for the Dosimetry Experiment included: installation of equipment for control and safety of the reactor; supplying 6570 Kg of heavy water by UK, reinforcement of the reactor wall on the outside of the building; constructing the protection of the control room; start-up, measuring of the critical heavy water level, and check of control and safety rods worth. After the final check of safety rod mechanisms, eight runs were performed at a power of 5 Watt, and then a 1 k Watt run was carried out and the power stabilized at this power for 30 min by automatic control system
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Technical reports series no. 6 International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna (Austria); 64 p; Mar 1962; p. 15-24; Also available from the Institute of nuclear sciences Vinca; 14 figs, 1 tab
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AbstractAbstract
[en] Pursuant to the provisions of its Statute relevant to the adoption and application of safety standards for protection against radiation, the Agency convened a panel of experts which formulated the Basic Safety Standards set forth in this publication. The panel met under the chairmanship of Professor L. Bugnard, Director of the French Institut National d'Hygiene, and representatives of the United Nations and of several of its specialized agencies participated in its work. The Basic Safety Standards thus represent the result of a most careful assessment of the variety of complex scientific and administrative problems involved. Nevertheless, of course, they will need to be revised from time to time in the light of advances in scientific knowledge, of comments received from Member States and of the work of other competent international organizations. The Agency's Board of Governors in June 1962 approved the Standards as a first edition, subject to later revision as mentioned above, and authorized Director General Sigvard Eklund to apply the Standards in Agency and Agency-assisted operations and to invite Governments of Member States to take them as a basis in formulating national regulations or recommendations on protection against the dangers arising from ionizing radiations. It is mainly for this last purpose that the Basic Safety Standards are now being published in the Safety Series; but it is hoped that this publication will also interest a much wider circle of readers.
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Safety Series; (no.9); Nov 1962; 64 p; Globus, Druck- und Verlagsanstalt; Vienna (International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)); STI/PUB--26; ISSN 0074-1892;
; Also published in French, Russian and Spanish; 1 fig., tabs

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[en] Since automation development is of great importance from the safety point of view in atomic pile control, it is essential to use the surest methods in the designing of shutdown circuits. The theorem of Booles algebra are restated as well as the optimisation methods due to Venne, Larnaugh and McCluskey; their application to a certain number of practical examples is shown. A review is given of one-entry circuits having several exits and of those whose logical function is symmetric, assuming that the time factor does not intervene during operation. (author)
[fr]
Le developpement de l'automatisme dans le controle des piles atomiques etant un facteur important de securite, il est indispensable d'utiliser les methodes qui conduisent a l'elaboration des circuits les plus surs destines aux chaines de securite. A cet effet, on rappelle les theoremes de l'algebre de Boole, les methodes d'optimisation de Venne, Larnaugh et Mc Cluskey et on montre l'application sur un certain nombre d'exemples pratiques. On passe alors en revue les circuits a une entree et plusieurs sorties et ceux dont la fonction logique est symetrique en admettant que dans le fonctionnement le facteur temps n'intervient pas. (auteur)Original Title
Principe de l'algebre de boole et des methodes de syntheses derivees en vue de leur application aux automatismes destines a la securite des piles atomiques (1961)
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1961; 64 p; 9 refs.
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