[en] We evaluate the distributed cavity phase (DCP) and microwave lensing frequency shifts, which were the two largest sources of uncertainty for the NPL-CsF2 caesium fountain clock. We report measurements that confirm a detailed theoretical model of the microwave cavity fields and the frequency shifts of the clock that they produce. The model and measurements significantly reduce the DCP uncertainty to 1.1 * 10^-16. We derive the microwave lensing frequency shift for a cylindrical cavity with circular apertures. An analytic result with reasonable approximations is given, in addition to a full calculation that indicates a shift of 6.2 * 10^-17. The measurements and theoretical models we report, along with improved evaluations of collisional and microwave leakage induced frequency shifts, reduce the frequency uncertainty of the NPL-CsF2 standard to 2.3 * 10^-16, nearly a factor of two lower than its most recent complete evaluation. (authors)

No abstract available

[en] This thesis describes a Cs - buffer gas vapor cell atomic clock based on coherent population trapping (CPT), and the main frequency shifts affecting its mid- and long-term stability. The developed atomic clock based on CPT uses two original techniques: a so-called double-Λ scheme for the CPT-resonance excitation and a temporal Ramsey interrogation technique, which produce a high contrast and narrow resonances with reduced light shift dependence. Generally, the mid and long term stability of the vapor cell atomic clock is limited by the collisional shift induced by alkali-buffer gas collisions and the light shift (or the effects depending on the laser intensity). We report on the study of the collisional shift of Cs clock frequency in the presence of Ne, N₂ or Ar buffer gas, and its temperature dependence. The coefficient values of this dependence for these three buffer gases were revealed (some of them for the first time), allowing us to realise a cell with optimal combination of buffer gases to cancel the temperature dependence around the working temperature. Following the study of the signal amplitude and the coherence relaxation rate the optimal values for such parameters as interrogation cycle, magnetic field, cell temperature, pressure of the buffer gas mixture, etc. were found for the chosen cell. The investigation on the light shift and the effects depending on the laser intensity allowed us to determine the most sensitive parameters (laser intensity ratio, temperature) and to implement the required stabilizations in order to better control them. Finally, the mid- and long-term clock frequency stability was improved by a factor 40, reaching 2.5 10^-14 at 1 hour. (author)

[en] Thirty years ago, in 1967, the new definition of the second based on a quantum phenomenon, the hyperfine splitting of the groundstate of the ¹³³Cs atom, was passed by the 13th General Conference on Weight and Measure. What followed was a fascinating improvement of the performance of caesium clocks which is still pursued. Their total uncertainty could be reduced, until 1995, by 4 orders of magnitude. With the development of the so-called fountain clocks, another factor of ten is within reach. (orig.)

No abstract available

[en] In this article, we present the atomic clock as time and frequency standard and as one of the peaceful uses of atoms for development. In the first part, we present the general principles of time and frequency metrology and the key role of the caesium atom in this field as well as the main applications of atomic clocks. In the second part we introduce the different clock technologies based on Ramsey method, with a focus on atomic beam clocks and atomic fountain clocks. (author)

[en] There are currently nine caesium fountain primary frequency standards regularly reporting calibrations of International Atomic Time to the Bureau International des Poids et Measures (BIPM). An investigation has been carried out using data from the BIPM publication Circular T to evaluate the frequency differences among these standards and to determine whether these offsets are consistent with the stated uncertainties. The fractional frequency uncertainties of some Cs fountains are now in the range of 4 * 10^-16 to 5 * 10^-16. The results of this investigation show that the standards agree well with each other. An overall estimate of the caesium frequency is made using the weighted mean of all the fountains. (authors)

[en] The purpose of this doctoral work is the realisation of new sources of cold cesium atoms that could be useful for the conception of a compact and high-performance atomic clock. It is based on experiences of atomic physics using light induced atomic manipulation. We present here the experiences of radiative cooling of atoms that have been realised at the Laboratoire de l'Horloge Atomique from 1993 to 1996. Firstly, we applied the techniques of radiative cooling and trapping of atoms in order to create a three-dimensional magneto-optical trap. For this first experience, we developed high quality laser sources, that were used for other experiments. We imagined a new configuration of trapping (two-dimensional magneto-optical trap) that was the basis for a cold atom source. This design gives the atoms a possibility to escape towards one particular direction. Then, we have extracted the atoms from this anisotropic trap in order to create a continuous beam of cold atoms. We have applied three methods of extraction. Firstly, the launching of atoms was performed by reducing the intensity of one of the cooling laser beams in the desired launching direction. Secondly, a frequency detuning between the two laser laser beams produced the launching of atoms by a so-called 'moving molasses'. The third method consisted in applying a static magnetic field that induced the launching of atoms in the direction of this magnetic field. At the same time, another research on cold atoms was initiated at the I.H.A. It consisted in cooling a large volume of atoms from a cell, using an isotropic light. This offers an interesting alternative to the traditional optical molasses. (author)

[en] The uncertainty evaluation of CSF2, the second caesium fountain primary frequency standard at PTB, is presented. The fountain uses optical molasses to cool atoms down to 0.6 μK. The atoms are launched vertically in a moving optical molasses, and state selected in the |F = 3, m_F = 0} hyperfine ground state. During their ballistic flight, the atoms interact twice with a microwave field, thus completing the Ramsey interaction. With a launch height of 36.5 cm above the cavity centre, the central Ramsey fringe has a width of 0.9 Hz. About 3 * 10⁴ atoms, 30% of the initial number in the |F = 3, m_F = 0} state, are detected after their second interaction with the microwave field. Stabilizing the microwave frequency to the centre of the central Ramsey fringe, a typical relative frequency instability of 2.5 * 10^-13(τ/s)^-1/2 is obtained. The CSF2 systematic uncertainty for realizing the SI second is estimated as 0.80 * 10^-15. First comparisons with the fountain CSF1 at the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt and other fountain frequency standards worldwide demonstrate agreement within the stated uncertainties. (authors)

[en] Measurements of the spectra of cold Cesium-133 atoms, confined in a magneto-optical trap, are presented. 8 refs., 3 figs