[en] Almost all Thai farmers in the villages raise Thai Native chickens. Chickens are the main protein source in the rural areas. The surplus of chickens can be the additional income for the farmer family. Raising of chickens is commonly in the backyard where chickens can feed on leftover or residuals from the family consumption. Generally people like to eat native chickens because their meat contains less fat and had a good taste. Native chickens are able to use low quality food efficiently and they are more resistant to tropical diseases. Thailand tries to improve native chickens for growth meanwhile maintain good characteristics; tolerance, feeding ability, fertility. Thirty-six farmers in the North part of Thailand were selected for testing of raising chickens, by supporting 5-12 hens per family. Farmers were divided randomly into 3 categories; separation of chicks at birth, at 14 d and allowing chicks to be with hens naturally. Growth performance was recorded together with losses, mortality, consumption and sale of native chickens for a period of 1 year. Hens and chickens were feeding by themselves in the nature. There were 273 hens at the beginning of the experiment and 210 hens at the end. The average body weight of the hens in the village at the first laying was 1.52 kg. The average number of egg clutch was 3.41. A total of 210 hens produced 8,550 eggs, 5,466 chicks in 1 year of the experiment. The hens whose chicks were separated from birth produced 14.8 - 16.4 more chicks per year, 1.2 - 1.4 more clutches of eggs and 19.0 - 22.0 more eggs than group 2 and group 3, respectively. On average, a hen laid 39.14 eggs and produced 24.84 chicks per year. Farmers in this study had 72.03 chickens for consumption per family and 84.47 chickens for sale, which incurred an income of 3,879.82 Baht per family. The expenses involved feed cost and electricity (for incubation) had a value of 1,797.94 Bath. The cash return on average was 2,081.65 Bath per family. When averaging values per hen, number of chicks for consumption in the family was 9.54, number of chicks for sale was 10.88 creating the value of 503.48 Bath per year. Cost and profit from raising chicken were 236.26 and 273.90 Bath per hen per year, respectively. There were 63 millions chickens in Thailand. There were three million families raised the chickens. If chickens are allowed to be with hens naturally a hen can produce 24.84 chicks per year. This will increase more income to farmers. The incomes from raising Thai native chickens very low and there were no or little inputs from farmers. Native chickens can feed on leftover food from human consumption and feed by themselves in the nature from feedstuffs, which are not utilizable by human. This is an efficient way to convert low quality feed into a high quality protein in chicken meat. Moreover, raising native chicken for meat consumption can promote health because of lower fat in chicken meat than conventional broilers. Raising of native chicken can be developed to be a sustainable career for Thai farmers

[en] Hen swollen head syndrome (SHS) results in slight macroscopic changes in the egg-shell structure. A technique of X-microanalysis was used to detect the type of hell injury in morphologically deformed places. The examined egg-shells were taken during the peak of the disease and intensive clinical lesions. Irregular cracks in the cuticle on more than 50% of the egg-shells were noted. Based on a surface distribution of the cuticle x-intensity, the foci of deficiency and irregular distribution of some elements (O, Mg, Al and C) were found. On a transverse cross-section a cuticle thinning was visible, as well as a deformation of the papillous layer of the shell under which some deficiencies and empty spaces could be seen. (author)

[en] 2-Alkylcyclobutanones, such as 2-dodecylcyclobutanone and 2-tetradecylcyclobutanone, were analyzed to assess the irradiation history of irradiated meats or fish, and cooked foods with irradiated ingredients, which had been stored frozen for up to one year. The purpose of the study was to show that irradiated meats could be detected even after having been stored in the distribution system. 2-Alkylcyclobutanones showed a small decrease in irradiated raw meats that had been stored frozen for one year. Cooked foods, such as pancake and fried chicken made with irradiated eggs and chicken, respectively, contained detectable levels of 2-alkylcyclobutanones after storage frozen for one year. The 2-alkylcyclobutanones became undetectable in highly dried samples, such as feed for lab animals, during the same period

No abstract available

[en] Full text:Fields of oil-bituminous rocks Binagadi filtered natural conditions of radiation-chemical transformations oils under the influence of gamma-rays have been investigated. Investigations were carried out in vacuum and air conditions. Oil-bituminous rocks oils vacuum filtered natural conditions and weather conditions in the geese formed during the kinetic curves of gamma-radiolysis calculated on the basis of radiation-chemical extraction shown in the table. The molecular structure of oil-bituminous rocks for oil in filtered natural radiation conditions, the impact of changes in the IR-spectroscopy method was applied to observe

[en] In this paper an attempt was made to determine the effect of irradiation of eggs with low dose ionizing radiation upon lipid peroxide (TBARS) level, glutathione (GSH) level, activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in skeletal muscle of chick embryo and newly hatched chicks. The eggs of a heavy breeding chickens were irradiated with a dose of 0.3 Gy gamma radiation (60Co source) on the 19th day of incubation. Along with the irradiated chick embryos, there was a control group of non-irradiated chick embryos. The antioxidant parameters were measured in breast muscle (m. pectoralis superficialis) and thigh muscle (m. biceps femoris) of chick embryos on 1, 3, 6, 24 and 72 h after egg irradiation. All parameters were determined spectrophotometrically. Lipid peroxidation, GSH level and CAT activity decreased in the breast and thigh muscle of chick embryos on the first hour after irradiation, while the activity of GSH-Px increased in the thigh muscle on the 1st hour after irradiation. CAT activity decreased in the breast muscle of chick embryos on the hour 24 after irradiation. The GSH level increased in the breast and thigh muscle of chick embryos on the hour 72 after irradiation while the activity of GSH-Px increased in the breast muscle. At the same time CAT activity decreased in breast muscle while lipid peroxidation decreased in thigh muscle. The obtained results showed that acute irradiation of chicken eggs on the 19th day of incubation with the dose of 0.3 Gy gamma radiation could be an oxidative stress in both types of muscles immediately after irradiation. However, at the one-day old chicks (72 hours after irradiation) this dose could have a stimulating effect upon GSH level in both breast and thigh muscle.(author)

[en] Consumption of chicken meat has tremendously increased, especially in big cities of Pakistan like Lahore, during last few decades, due to low cholesterol level and lesser price as compared to beef and lamb meat. Non- scientific slaughter methods common in practice have increased the risk of bacterial load on chicken meat making it unsafe for human consumption. Keeping in view, the risk of bacterial contamination on chicken meat present study was conducted to determine bacterial load in different areas (Shad Bagh, Samanabad, Sanda) of city Lahore. Pour-plate method was used with differential media of blood agar, and selective medias of eosinmethylene blue, citrimide agar and mannitol agar. Maximum bacteria] growth (35.3 plus minus 0.77 million per gram) was observed in blood agar in Shad Bagh's poultry meat while in Samanabad's poultry meat maximum bacterial growth was observed in eosinmethylene blue agar (9.6 plus minus 0.40 million per gram) while Sanda's poultry meat showed maximum bacterial growth in cetrimide agar (6.9 plus minus 0.43). (author)

No abstract available

[en] Because of some fabrication errors, in the combined nutriments (for the reproduction hens' heavy breeds) an amount of Koccisan (drug for the meat chickens, used for their protection, on growing period, against parasites.) has been introduced. After this fabrication mistake an effective and egg loss estimated at 16 987 EURO has been recorded. The fabrication of combined nutriments necessary for hens feeding intended for meat and egg production was performed in the frame of unit of production 'A', unit specialized in combined nutriments production. The farm of hens heavy breeds reproduction 'B' was the only beneficiary of this producer, contracting an annual necessary about 18 000 tons, integral assuring the raw materials of fodder, inclusive the vitamin-minerals premixes and drugs, has establish the manufacture receptions and the amount of fodder input necessary. Unit of production 'A' , has received the manufacture receptions and the raw materials necessary for fabrication, achieving on their on responsibility the fodder quantity, programmed at quality parameters suiting the solicited prescription. On the nutriments fabrication route, the delegates from the farm of reproduction hens heavy breeds 'B' haven give the dispositions to the execution personal of the production unit 'A' and don't substituted him. The technologic process and the responsibility of combined nutriments fabrication has been taken only by the production unit 'A', which detain the installation and the qualified personal in this domain of activity. Because of some fabrication errors, in the feeds prescriptions intended to the reproduction hens heavy breeds effectives, it has been introduced a quantity of coccidiostatic (Kokcisan), drug intended to the meat chickens, for their protection on the growing period, against parazitoses (coccidiosis). The coccidiostatics substances administrated to the youth fowl until the age of sixteen weeks, after that they are interdicted totally, the limit of toxic sill being very diminished and having repercussions on fowls live an also in the reproduction activity. In the case of Kokcisan premix (which contain as active substance salmomicina) the restriction is totally regarding the reproduction youth and the adult fowls, being recommended only meat chickens. Analysis can be observed that between the commanded quantity by the farm of reproduction hens heavy breeds 'B'' and those delivery by production unit 'A' are some differences which dignify certain problems in the technologic flow of fabrication. After introducing in the poultry nutriments, the fabricated fodder from production unit 'B' in the framework farm of reproduction hens' heavy breeds 'B' has been take place intoxication with salinomycin to the effectives of hen and coconut. In the combined nutriments components, beside the basic raw materials (cereals, coarse-ground grist, protean flour) that are included fodder additives (methionine, lysine, hill, etc.), vitamin minerals concentrates, prepared medication, enzymes, bio stimulant. From the category of prepared medicated make part the antibiotics, vitamins, coccidiostatic substances. These products are presented in the concentrated shape or on the support, which can assure the possibility to be integrated in the final product. In the case of the kokcisan premix, utilized to prevent the meat chicken coccidiosis, the product contain salinomycin as active substance, being utilized by the producer firm already premixed in an granulated form of 12 % concentration, recommended to be technological processed only by the FNC units as an ingredient in the preparation of the combined nutriments. For the augmentation of the secure degree in the homogenization process of the nutriments component, S.C. Combivra S.A. Focsani has effectuated an premixed from this product with the incorporated rate of 1% from the Any of the fodder additives can generate serious intoxications. In case that the incorporating module is not respected. Pursuant to the result presented, can be observed the incorporating extreme high of salinomycin in the 21-7C si 21-7F prescription and inconclusive in the Kokcisan premix. As a result of the intoxication with salinomicina in the framework of the reproduction heavy breeds farm, many losses of effectives has been produced, of eggs for incubation, perturbation the activity due to losses of coconut effectives. Conclusions: 1. The fabrication of the Kokcisan premix on the technological fabrication line of combined nutriments and his storage in the bunker of final products was a very serious mistake. 2. The fabrication of the 21-7C prescriptions for coconut immediately after the premix fabrication resulting their contamination with salinomycin. 3. The quantity of 200 kg combined nutriments 21-7C, which result in plus following the fabrication compared with the effectuated command, demonstrated that she is emanated from the previous premixed

[en] In the examined dose-range (200-1600 rad) the gamma irradiation, before the incubation of 5095 duck eggs, reduced the hatching results. The body weight and feed efficiency of the hatched individuals did not change. The issue-generations did not exhibit any consequent changes neither in the hatching results nor in the body weight and feed efficiency. (author)