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[en] Highlights: • Pressure to save water has caused a shift from lawns to water-efficient landscapes. • Runoff volumes were affected by landscape, rainfall, and age of the landscape. • Grass lawns showed greater runoff control than artificial turf and xeriscaping. • Sand-capped lawn further enhanced control of runoff. Lawns have long been a primary feature of residential landscapes in the United States. However, as population growth in urban areas continues to rise, water conservation is becoming a key priority for many municipalities. In recent years, some municipalities have begun to offer rebate programs which incentivize removal of turfgrass areas and conversion to alternative ‘water-efficient’ landscapes, with the goal of reducing outdoor water use. The environmental impacts and changes to ecosystem services associated with such landscape alterations are not well understood. Therefore, a 2-year continuous research project was conducted at the Urban Landscape Runoff Research Facility at Texas A&M University to evaluate rainfall capture and runoff volumes associated with several commonly used residential landscape types (including, St. Augustine grass Lawn, Xeriscaping, Mulch, Artificial Turf, and Sand-capped Lawn) and to characterize the flow dynamics of surface runoff in relation to rainfall intensity for each landscape. The results demonstrate that runoff dynamics differ between landscapes, but also change over time as the newly converted landscapes become established. Following the initial months of establishment, the effects of landscape type on runoff volumes were significant, with Artificial Turf and Xeriscaping generating greater runoff volumes than Mulch and St. Augustine grass Lawns for most runoff events, which is partially due to the low infiltration rate of such landscapes. Overall, Artificial Turf and Xeriscaping showed the greatest cumulative runoff volumes (>400 L m−2), whereas Water Efficient- Mulch, Sand-capped Lawn and St. Augustine grass Lawn had a significantly lower cumulative runoff volumes, ranging from 180 to 290 L m−2. Information from this research should be useful to municipalities, water purveyors, and homeowner associations as they weigh the long-term hydrological impacts of lawn removal and landscape conversion programs.
Journal
[en] A cylinder experiment was conducted in northern Greece during 2005 and 2006 to assess emergence dynamics of barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.) and jimsonweed (Datura stramonium L.) in the case of a switch from conventional to conservation tillage systems (CT). Emergence was surveyed from two burial depths (5 and 10 cm) and with simulation of reduced tillage (i.e. by soil disturbance) and no-till conditions. Barnyardgrass emergence was significantly affected by burial depth, having greater emergence from 5 cm depth (96%) although even 78% of seedlings emerged from 10 cm depth after the two years of study. Emergence of barnyardgrass was stable across years from the different depths and tillage regimes. Jimsonweed seeds showed lower germination than barnyardgrass during the study period, whereas its emergence was significantly affected by soil disturbance having 41% compared to 28% without disturbance. A burial depth x soil disturbance interaction was also determined, which showed higher emergence from 10 cm depth with soil disturbance. Jimsonweed was found to have significantly higher emergence from 10 cm depth with soil disturbance in Year 2. Seasonal emergence timing of barnyardgrass did not vary between the different burial depth and soil disturbance regimes, as it started in April and lasted until end of May in both years. Jimsonweed showed a bimodal pattern, with first emergence starting end of April until mid-May and the second ranging from mid-June to mid-August from 10 cm burial depth and from mid-July to mid-August from 5 cm depth, irrespective of soil disturbance in both cases. (Author)
Journal
Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research; ISSN 1695-971X; 
; v. 14(1); 7 p
; v. 14(1); 7 p
[en] Mean duration of heat balance components during autumn nights with advection-radiation and radiation weather in years 1994-99 were stated on the basis of data observed in meteorological station Ursynów-WAU. Mean fluxes of heat balance components and values of components ratios are presented in tables
Source
FAO/AGRIS record; ARN: PL2003001808; ISBN 83-7244-375-0; ; Country of input: International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
; Country of input: International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
Journal
Scientific Review Engineering and Environmetal Sciences; ISSN 1732-9353; ; (2002 issue); p. 213-219
; (2002 issue); p. 213-219
[en] Current interest in radiation treatment of grain and seeds mainly revolves about its efficacy for control of insect infestations in these products. The recent literature on this subject is reviewed and gaps still existing in the fundamental and practical knowledge of radiation disinfestation.are pointed out. Research programmes in the United States Department of Agriculture that are under way, or planned for the immediate future, are discussed in detail. Current studies are being directed toward establishing minimum effective doses for sexual sterilization and mortality, influence of environmental factors on dose requirements, and potential for the development of biological resistance. In May 1966 the scope of the work expanded as a new grain products irradiator became operative and applied studies were initiated. An integral part of this, research is a study of the effect of irradiation on the quality of food and feed grains and on cereal products, at the doses for both insect control and fungal disinfection. This paper examines critically the results of research in this area and estimates future research, needs. (author)
[fr]
A'.l'heure actuelle, l’intérêt que suscite le traitement par les rayonnements des céréales et des semences est dû avant tout à son efficacité pour la désinsection. Les auteurs analysent les récentes publications dans ce domaine et. signalent les lacunes, qui subsistent encore dans les connaissances fondamentales ou pratiques relatives à la radiodésinsection, ' Ils examinent en détail les programmes de recherches du Département de l'agriculture des Etats-Unis qui sont actuellement mis.en oeuvre ou projetés pour l'avenir immédiat. Les études actuelles concernent la détermination de la dose minimale nécessaire pour la stérilisation sexuelle et de la dose mortelle, l’influence des facteurs ambiants sur les doses requises, et les possibilités de développement de la résistance biologique. En mai 1966, les travaux se sont élargis à la suite de la mise en service d'une nouvelle installation d’irradiation des.céréales qui permet d’entreprendre des études appliquées. Ce programme comprend l'étude des effets de l'irradiation aux doses insecticides et fongicides sur la qualité des céréales destinées à la consommation humaine et animale et sur celle des produits dérivés. Le mémoire procède à un examen critique des résultats des recherches entreprises et évalue les besoins, futurs à cet égard. (author)[es]
El interés que suscita el tratamiento de granos y semillas por irradiación radica principalmente en su eficacia en la lucha contra la infestación de esos productos por insectos. Los autores examinan las publicaciones más recientes sobre esta cuestión y señalan las lagunas que todavía existen en los conocimientos básicos y prácticos de la radiodesinfestación. Exponen detenidamente los programas de investigación del Departamento de Agricultura de los Estados Unidos que se están ejecutando o que se proyecta ejecutar en un futuro inmediato. Los estudios actuales están orientados hacia el establecimiento de valores mínimos de dosis eficaces para la esterilización sexual y para provocar la muerte de los insectos, la influencia de los factores ambientales sobre las dosis necesarias y las posibilidades de desarrollo de una resistencia biológica. En mayo de 1966 se amplió el alcance de estos trabajos con la entrada en servicio de una nueva instalación de cereales y derivados y se iniciaron estudios de aplicación. Como parte integrante de esas investigaciones se lleva a cabo un estudio de los efectos de la irradiación sobre la calidad del grano destinado a la alimentación humana o utilizado como pienso, y sobre los productos derivados de los cereales. Esa irradiación se efectúa con las dosis que se precisan en la lucha contra los insectos y con las empleadas para la eliminación de hongos. Los autores hacen un estudio crítico de los resultados de las investigaciones que se realizan en este sector y evalúan las futuras necesidades en materia de investigación. (author)[ru]
V nastojashhee vremja obrabotka zerna i semjan s pomoshh'ju obluchenija predstavljaet interes glavnym obrazom s tochki zrenija opredelenija ee jeffektivnosti v dele obespechenija kontrolja za zarazheniem jetih produktov parazitami. Rassmatrivaetsja sovremennaja literatura po jetomu voprosu i ukazyvajutsja vse eshhe sushhestvujushhie problemy v oblasti fundamental'nyh i prakticheskih znanij o sposobah obezzarazhivanija s pomoshh'ju obluchenija. Podrobno rassmatrivajutsja nauchno-issledovatel'skie programmy ministerstva sel'skogo'hozjajstva SShA, kotorye nahodjatsja v stadii vypolnenija ili planirujutsja na blizhajshee budushhee. Provodimye v nastojashhee vremja issledovanija napravleny na ustanovlenie minimal'nyh jeffektivnyh doz dlja polovoj sterilizacii i smertnosti, vlijanija okruzhajushhih faktorov na dozovye potrebnosti i vozmozhnosti dlja razvitija biologicheskoj soprotivljaemosti. V mae 1966 goda obem rabot budet rasshiren, tak kak budet vvedena v jekspluataciju novaja ustanovka po oblucheniju zernovyh produktov i nachnutsja prikladnye issledovanija. Sostavnoj chast'ju jetih nauchno-issledovatel'skih rabot javljaetsja izuchenie vlijanija obluchenija na kachestvo pishhi i furazha, a takzhe produktov iz hlebnyh zlakov pri dozah, obespechivajushhih kontrol' za parazitami i unichtozhenie gribkov. V dannom doklade kriticheski rassmatrivajutsja rezul'taty nauchno-issledovatel'skoj raboty v jetoj oblasti i opredeljajutsja potrebnosti v nauchnyh issledovanijah v budushhem. (author)Source
International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna (Austria); Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Rome (Italy); 979 p; Nov 1966; p. 473-487; International Symposium on Food Irradiation; Karlsruhe, Federal Republic of Germany (Germany); 6-10 Jun 1966; IAEA-SM--73/69; ISSN 0074-1884; ; 40 refs., 2 figs., 3 tabs.
; 40 refs., 2 figs., 3 tabs.
[en] To better understand how urbanization affects the amount and timing of urban vegetation in drylands we investigated remotely sensed vegetation patterns across seven large metropolitan regions in the southwestern United States. We asked (1) how low density urban land cover differed from adjacent wildland grass, herb, and shrub land covers in both the amount of vegetation and the length of the growing season, (2) how neighborhood income affected patterns of vegetation within low density urban cover, and (3) how cities differed from one another in their vegetation patterns. We found that urbanization generally has a strong influence on vegetation compared to adjacent wildlands. In four of the metropolitan regions the cumulative enhanced vegetation index (EVI) and growing season length in low density developments were higher than grass, herb, and shrub land covers. Within all metropolitan regions, there was a significant socioeconomic effect where higher income areas had a higher cumulative EVI than lower income areas. The large differences in urban vegetation among cities were related to precipitation and total domestic water use. These findings help to identify how urbanization influences vegetation, with implications for the availability of ecosystem services and requirements for irrigation in hot dryland cities. (letter)
Journal
Environmental Research Letters; ISSN 1748-9326; ; v. 8(4); [9 p.]
; v. 8(4); [9 p.]
No abstract available
Source
Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, Vienna (Austria); FAO/IAEA Agriculture and Biotechnology Lab., Seibersdorf (Austria); 54 p; ISSN 1011-260X; ; Apr 1999; p. 11
; Apr 1999; p. 11
[en] It is very crucial to planters to estimate the yield loss due to Ganoderma basal stem rot (BSR) disease in oil palm. However, currently there is a limited mathematical model available that can be used for that purpose. Therefore, this empirical study was conducted to build a mathematical model which can be used for yield loss estimation due to the disease. Three commercial oil palm plots with different production phases (for example, steep ascent phase, plateau phase and declining phase) were selected as the study sites. The yield and disease severity of the selected palms in the three study sites were recorded for the duration of 12 months. Model averaging approach using Bayes theorem was used to build the model. This is also known as Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA). The BMA model revealed that planting preparation technique was the most important predictor of oil palm yield loss, followed by disease progress (measured using area under the disease-progress curve, AUDPC), disease severity, number of infected neighbouring palms, and two interaction terms. By using the developed BMA model, it was estimated that the economic loss can be up to 68% compared to the attainable yields of all the infected palms. (author)
Journal
Journal of Oil Palm Research; ISSN 1511-2780; ; v. 33(1); p. 46-55
; v. 33(1); p. 46-55
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