[en] This article reviews the different techniques which allow, up to now, to get ultralow temperature. Measurement is, at least, as difficult as getting these temperatures. Problems encountered by thermometry in this domain are detailed

[en] The Spin-2 facility built at YASNAPP-2 experimental complex of the Joint Institute of Nuclear Research is described. The basic parameters of SPIN-2 and YASNAPP-2 are discussed. (orig.)

[en] The idea of an open cycle dilution refrigerator is that two separate flows of 3-helium an 4-helium are mixed at low temperature, overcoming the influence of the gravitation. We have measured the performance of the refrigerator for a high concentration of ³He, where the mixture appears in two phases, and we discuss the possibility of running at a lower concentration (single phase). We discuss the use of such a refrigerator to cool bolometers for telescopes, on earth or in space. (author)

[en] This study has been realized in the framework of studies on developing new technic for low temperature detectors for neutrinos and dark matter. The principles of low temperature physics and helium 4 and dilution cryostats, are first reviewed. The cryogenic system used and the technic for low temperature thermometry and regulation systems are then described. The computer automation of the dilution cryogenic system involves: numerical measurement of the parameter set (pressure, temperature, flow rate); computer assisted operating of the cryostat and the pump bench; numerical regulation of pressure and temperature; operation sequence full automation allowing the system to evolve from a state to another (temperature descent for example)

[en] A description is given of on-line dilution refrigerators for nuclear orientation studies at ultra low temperatures (T < 20 mK). The experimental requirements are compared with the theoretical performance of dilution refrigerators and the latest technical designs. An analysis of existing and working machines shows that the optimum design is mainly limited by detector-sample distance, magnetic field homogeneity and maximum size of detector. (orig.)

[en] Several hundred ultra low temperature systems have been designed and built for a variety of applications. One common application is the refrigeration of low temperature detectors. Although many of the requirements are satisfied by standard designs, Oxford Instruments has often built special refrigerators to suit specific detector requirements. A few of the most interesting of these systems will be discussed. (1) dilution refrigerators to cool gravitational wave antennae to 65 mK; (2) rotating dilution refrigerator for cosmic ray detector experiments; (3) compact dilution refrigerator to cool large bolometer arrays within the SCUBA telescope; (4) side access systems for beam line experiments

[en] The design philosophy, design, construction and performance of a dilution refrigerator specifically intended for nuclear cooling experiments in the submillikelvin regime is described. Attention has been paid from the outset to minimizing sources of heat leaks, and to achieving a low base temperature and relatively high cooling power below 10 mK. The refrigerator uses sintered silver heat exchangers similar to those developed at Grenoble. The machine has a base temperature of 3 mK or lower and can precool a copper nuclear specimen in 6.8 T to 8 mK in 70 h. The heat leak to the innermost nuclear stage is < 30 pW after only a few days' running. (author)

No abstract available

[en] We describe a novel design for a cryogenic sample manipulator to be used for angle-resolved surface investigations in an ultrahigh vacuum system. Azimuthal rotation of a sample in thermal contact with a closed-cycle helium refrigerator is achieved by rotation of the heat shield that surrounds the cold finger of the refrigerator

[en] The design and techniques for constructing a step-heat exchanger using sintered copper powder are reported. The results of applying it to a He³ - He⁴ combined dilution refrigerator are presented. The performance of the mixing chamber in a single-cycle mode is considered. (author)