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[en] NSW has a mature framework for the identification, regulation and management of legacy contaminated land. This includes ensuring polluters bare the cost of remediation wherever possible. The existing framework has enabled NSW to successfully remediate some large and significantly contaminated sites – these include Rhodes Peninsula, Mortlake Gasworks and, more recently, the former Newcastle Steelworks and Barangaroo - and return them to productive uses. However, we are also looking to prevent and minimise the environmental impacts of contamination and hazardous substances from current activities to avoid legacy contamination for future generations. This is one of the NSW Environment Protection Authority’s (NSW EPA)’s key priorities in its 2017-21 Strategic Plan. (author)

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[en] The Swedish Radiation Protection Authority has issued Regulations and General Advice on the handling of Ashes Contaminated by Caesium-137, in SSI FS 2005:1. In this document the separate paragraphs are explained to facilitate their practical implementation

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[en] The Royal Decree of 20^th July has entrusted the Federal Agency for Nuclear Control (FANC) with the task of controlling the territorial radioactivity and the doses received by the population. Within this agenda, a monitoring programme has been developed over many years, in order to follow the main potential exposure pathways of the population. In practice, several potential vectors of contamination are controlled: air (and rain), surface water (including sediments and biota), soils around nuclear installations, food chain, drinking water etc. To carry out such work, the FANC has collaborated with public or private reputable organisations: The Centre of Nuclear Energy Studies of Mol, The National Institute of Radionuclides of Fleurus, and The Louis Pasteur Public Health Institute of Brussels. A synthesis of this monitoring programme will be presented and the most important deductions will be pointed out. For many years, the tendency has been for tighter control of artificial and natural radioactivity in the environment. This has been achieved by increasingly stringent regulations, regarding environmental monitoring efforts, from international organisations (EC, OSPAR, IAEA). In this context, the FANC in Belgium, is involved in a process that will lead to the adaptation of the Belgian monitoring programme. Different aspects of these adaptations and of their consequences will be presented for illustrative purposes

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[en] Soil contamination is no longer restricted to isolated incidents and locations; it is a general and contentious problem. However, the problem is complex, starting with the very definition of what level and type of contamination is unacceptable. A myriad of regulatory and de facto guidelines have emerged, and they are extremely fragmented, inconsistent and incomplete. This review attempts to summarize the historical development of assessment and remediation guidelines, to highlight the unique difficulties of the problem, and then to discuss the scientific information that exists and that is needed to improve guidelines. This is an unlimited scope for research on this subject. (author)

[en] The National Environment Protection (Assessment of Site Contamination) Measure, 1999, (as amended 2013) provides a framework, based on current scientific knowledge, for a consistent assessment of land contamination across Australia. While efforts to harmonise the remediation of contaminated land in Australia are being championed by the Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), currently such a framework does not exist. Harmonising remediation requirements will be difficult given the vast differences in legislative frameworks between jurisdictions and the many site-specific factors that need to be considered. However, given that uncertainty in requirements can affect liability estimates, land values, funding options, and impede property transactions, it is important to provide more certainty. Uncertainty in identifying remediation endpoints has evolved as a particular concern. Therefore, this paper discusses key elements of defining remediation endpoints including a discussion of remediation drivers and remediation objectives based on the regulatory framework in NSW. It is evident that irrespective of the complexities, there is a clear process in deriving remediation endpoints and following this process should assist stakeholders including land owners, property developers, lawyers, and contaminated land consultants to evaluate both the need for remediation and the extent of contaminated land remediation required in NSW. (author)

[en] In hospitals that have a radiotherapy service, the contaminated sewage follows a specific way, first it comes from specific toilets that must be use by patients undergoing a radiotherapy treatment, and secondly it is stored in tanks and its radioactivity is measured regularly and when the radioactivity level is in conformity with regulations, sewage is disposed as any non-contaminated sewage. Regulations impose a radioactive level below 100 Becquerel per liter for I¹³¹ and 10 Becquerel per liter for other nuclides for the sewage to be disposed. A new system named ST-10 allows the in-line and real-time measurement and the identification of nuclides in sewage and can say if the measured values are consistent with the patient treatment. (A.C.)