[en] Nowadays, global energy demand has increased considerably due to the growing global economy and industrialization. In order to reduce the increasing usage of fossil fuels, the usage of renewable energies is being promoted. The use of bioelectrochemical systems (BES) to valorise wastewater is a promising renewable energy alternative. There are different types of BES depending on itsfunction. Some ofthese systems are: microbialfuel cell(allows electricity generation), microbial electrosynthesis cell (produces chemical products), microbial desalination cell (allows the desalination), and microbial electrolysis cells (MEC) which are a type of BES that allows hydrogen production, being H2 a valuable energy carrier and a feedstock for many chemical processes [1].

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[en] This report carried out an energy analysis of energy supply in France. In the past two decades, the drive for energy independence, coupled with long term, centralised planning, has resulted in 51.8% of French energy needs being met indigenously. The main contributor to this growth is nuclear electricity. There is also significant expansion of natural gas but in contrast the long-term prospects for the indigenous coal industry look less promising. (UK)

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[en] Restructuring, privatisation and market changes of grid-bound energy systems present processes that characterise the energy sector of today, and the achieved level of these processes vary considerably from one country to another and there is no ideal model. Therefore, the exchange of experiences and broad co-operation in the field is of vital importance. For the first time the concept of the future Croatian energy legislation, presently in the focus of domestic energy related attention, will be introduced. Restructuring includes the changes in organisation anbd economic relations in order to enhance efficiency and reduce operational costs, in keeping with the market trends. Privatisation is a process that should enable the creation of markets and competition. When defining the concept of privatisation, we should primarily design the market, determine the position of individual functioning during market creation, and then determine the course of privatisation. Experiences of developed countries tell us that it is necessary to find a balance between markets and state interventions, as well as among technological-technical, economic and social aspects of energy use

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[en] This article deals with the nexus between energy policymaking and ideology. The article builds and expands upon a theoretical social constructivist analytical strategy, or framework, put forth for the purposes of conducting energy policy analysis. It then addresses criticism that this strategy constitutes “postmodern mush” that has no place in energy analysis before concluding with a review of why social constructivism has a significant role to play in building consensus and enhancing understanding between competing energy policy perspectives. The main contribution made by this paper stems from application of this ontological construct to the analysis of policies targeting wicked energy problems. The study cuts to the core about how energy problems are defined, interpreted, communicated, planned for, and potentially implemented via policy. Put another way, our study offers a timely critique or a call for reconceptualizing the process and practice of energy policy itself. - Highlights: • A social constructivist analytical strategy is needed in energy policy analysis. • Social constructivism has a significant role to play in building consensus. • It can also enhance understanding between competing energy policy perspectives.

[en] Dryers are used for removal of moisture from an raw materials (such as effluent) to form a dried solids as per the requirements. For removal of the moisture, energy requirement is huge. Therefore, in this paper, methodology for heat recovery in one of the type of dryers as spray dryers is developed, which is simple and easy to apply. The proposed methodology is illustrated with the help of an example taken from literature. It is observed that the indirect heat recovery method could save energy maximum up to 82 % as compared to literature and 41 % higher than without heat recovery. (Author)

[en] Small-scale hydropower is a clean, green, socially just and one of the most cost- effective energy technologies (Manders, Höffken, and van der Vleuten, 2016). It is also the main prospect for future hydro developments, where large-scale opportunities have either already been exploited, or would now be considered environmentally unacceptable (Alonso- Tristán, González-Peña, et al., 2011).

[en] Hydrogen is the simplest element. An atom of hydrogen consists of only one proton and one electron. It's also the most plentiful element in the universe. Despite its simplicity and abundance, hydrogen doesn't occur naturally as a gas on the Earth - it's always combined with other elements. Water, for example, is a combination of hydrogen and oxygen (H2O). Hydrogen is also found in many organic compounds, notably the hydrocarbons that make up many of our fuels, such as gasoline, natural gas, methanol, and propane. Hydrogen can be separated from hydrocarbons through the application of heat - a process known as reforming. Currently, most hydrogen is made this way from natural gas. An electrical current can also be used to separate water into its components of oxygen and hydrogen. This process is known as electrolysis. Some algae and bacteria, using sunlight as their energy source, even give off hydrogen under certain conditions.