[en] Highlights: • The citrus bioflavonoids may possess dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibition activity similar to gliptins. • Various citrus bioflavonoids may have a variable DPP-4 inhibition activity. • The measurement of the DPP-4 inhibition activity can be done using DPP-4 inhibition kit. • Commercial citrus bioflavonoid supplements contain various citrus bioflavonoids with different DPP-4 inhibition activities. This study compared dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitory activity of citrus bioflavonoid nutraceuticals compared with three gliptins. Citrus bioflavonoid standards and three commercially available citrus bioflavonoid supplements (Thompson's Super Bioflavonoid Complex^®(SB), Ethical Nutrients Bioflavonoids Plus Vitamin C^®(EN), and Country Life Citrus Bioflavonoids and Rutin^®(CB)) were considered in this study. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) analysis was undertaken to identify and quantitate the citrus bioflavonoids present in each supplement. The DPP-4 inhibitory activity was determined by fluorometric assay. All of the tested individual citrus flavonoids demonstrated DPP-4 inhibitory activity, with IC₅₀ values ranging from 485 μM (rutin) to 5700 μM (hesperitin and eriodictyol). Similarly, the flavonoid supplements had IC₅₀ values of 16.9 mg/mL (EN), 3.44 mg/mL (SB) and 2.72 mg/mL (CB). These values compare with gliptin IC₅₀ values of 0.684 μM (sitagliptin), 0.707 μM (saxagliptin) and 2.286 μM (vildagliptin). The supplement flavonoid content varied from 11.98% (CB) to 5.26% (EN) and 14.51% (SB) of tablet mass, corresponding to daily flavonoid doses of around 300, 150 and 400 mg, respectively, with CB and SB containing rutin at levels of 7.0% and 7.5% of tablet mass, respectively. While our data demonstrated that citrus bioflavonoid based supplements do possess DPP-4 inhibitory activity, they are several orders of magnitude less potent than gliptins. Further studies using higher concentrations of citrus bioflavonoids, as well as investigations into antioxidant properties which may add additional benefit are warranted.

[en] Garcinia mangostana Linn,(Family; Guttiferae) is known to be a rich source of bioactive molecules including flavonoids, benzophenones and lactones. A variety of xanthones have been isolated from mangosteen plants and fruits include the hull, rind heartwood and flesh. The fruit hull is used as an astringent and also used against cholera, dysentery and diarrhoea in traditional medicinal system. Petroleum ether extraction of the dried and powered fruit hulls followed by column chromatographic separation afforded two compounds, namely, gartanin (1) (0.48% in yield, mp 146-152 ) and mangostin (2) (0.97% in yield, mp (179-180). The structures of these two compounds have been identified by UV, FT-IR, NMR and EIMS. These identifications were confirmed by comparison of melting point values with reported data in the literature

[en] The purpose of this study was to label a trihydroxyflavone with the name of cirsiliol (3',4',5-Trihydroxy-6,7-dimethoxyflavone) with Re/[^99mTc]Tc. After that in vivo study in C57 mice with Xenograft melanoma tumor was done. Labeling was optimized, and radiochemical analysis was performed. The high radiochemical yield (> 97%) was achieved for cirsiliol which was stable up to 4 h. Rhenium-labeled cirsiliol characterized the complex formation. High tumor uptake was seen for [^99mTc]Tc-cirsiliol (2.16 ± 0.23% ID/g) at 1 h post injection. Because of its ability to accumulate and identify tumors, [^99mTc]Tc-cirsiliol has a potential to be considered as new radiotracer for melanoma tumor detecting. (author)

[en] Vitex grandifolia is a plant that belongs to the Lamiaceae or Labiatae family. It is classified as an underutilised vegetable with little known phytochemistry. Methanol fraction of the leaves of the plant afforded the isolation of three known flavonoids: isoorientin (1), orientin (2), and isovitexin (3). Spectroscopic techniques, namely NMR and IR and comparison with data in the literature were used to assess the structures of the isolated compounds. The molecules isolated were tested in vitro for monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) and monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) human recombinant, and anti-inflammatory activities. Mostly, the isolated compounds showed selective activity towards MAO-B. Inhibition of MAO-B by isoorietin (1) and orietin (2) was 9-fold more potent (IC₅₀ [μg/mL] of 11.08 and 11.04) compared to the inhibition of MAO-A (IC₅₀ [μg/mL] of >100), while clorgyline and deprenyl were used as the positive standards. All flavonoids isolated from the plant displayed good activity against NF-Kb with IC₅₀ (μg/mL) of 8.9, 12, and 18. The study shows a strong relationship between the structures of the flavonoids isolated with its biological activities based on the different patterns of substitution, particularly in C₂=C₃ bond and the positions of glucose in the isolates. Furthermore, the study is the first of its kind to determine the phytochemistry of the polar fraction of V. grandifolia, its anti-inflammatory, and neurodegenerative protective roles. (author)

[en] Jujube is a ripe fruit of Rhamnaceae. Its main active component is flavonoids, so the extraction and determination of total flavonoids in jujube will help to develop and utilize the medicinal value of jujube. In this study, the total flavonoids were extracted from jujube by alcohol extraction method. Through single factor investigation and orthogonal test, it was found that the total flavonoids content in jujube was the highest under the condition of 70°C, material ratio of 1:40, and extraction of 30 min by 70% ethanol. The content of total flavonoids in the extract of jujube was 1.57% at the wavelength of 510 nm by UV and rutin as the standard. The method was evaluated by methodological study, and it was determined that this method could be used as the detection of total flavonoids in jujube extraction. (paper)

[en] Objective to explore a method for the determination of total flavonoids in watermelon by spectrophotometry. Method: 100g watermelon juice was taken, centrifuged (3500r/min 20min) to obtain sample solution for use, and rutin was used as standard to measure the absorbance of watermelon sample solution at 360nm. Results: The regression equation is y=0.0227x+0.0766. The correlation coefficient is R2=0.9919, and the sample concentration is in the range of 30ug/mL-60ug/mL. The measured absorbance value has a good correlation with the concentration, stability and weight. The present is higher. Conclusion: Spectrophotometry is a widely used method, which has the characteristics of simple and rapid operation, and the required reagents are relatively simple and easy to obtain. Therefore, spectrophotometry can be one of the methods for determining the total flavonoid content in watermelon. (paper)

[en] In the present study, twenty four commercial tea samples were assayed to determine their free radical scavenging activity and polyphenolic contents based on the brewing/infusing period. Tea samples were infused/brewed in 200 mL boiled water at 120 degree C for 1, 2 and 5 min, respectively. The radical scavenging activities of tea infusion/brewing were measured using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) assay method. The results were ranged from 67.81-90.51% for black tea bags, 90.37-94.51% for green tea bags, 24.66-92.25% for black tea powder, 16.08-93.06% for green tea powder and 32.90- 45.54% for Camomile herbal infusion. The results showed that 1 or 2 min black tea bags infusion exhibited highest radical scavenging activity than 5 min infusion. Antioxidant activities of tea powders were variable with the amount of tea powder. It was observed that antioxidant activity increased with increasing boiling time for smaller amount of sample. In contrary, shorter boiling time was better for larger amount of sample. The polyphenol contents of tea infusion were determined and the results were expressed as milligram quercetin equivalent/200 mL of tea infusion. The polyphenol content was increased with increased brewing period. In contrary, brewing for longer time rendered extract less antiradical activity. This study suggests that infusing tea bag for 1 or 2 min is sufficient for getting infusion with maximum radical scavenging activity and in case of tea powder, shorter boiling time is better for larger amount of powder or small amount of powder should be boiled for minimum 5 min for rendering extract with maximum radical scavenging activity. (author)

[en] Peptic ulcer is an erosion of the mucosa gaster and duodenum. Aspirin can increase the activity of ROS in duodenum leading to be oxidative stress condition, followed by the increase expression of TNF-α and changes in the duodenum histopathology. Ethanolic extract from Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr leaves contains flavonoid compound that act as antioxidants. The research aimed to study the therapeutic effect of Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr leaves towards the expression of TNF-α and the duodenum histopathology. The study used five groups: the negative control group, the positive control group (peptic ulcer), and three therapeutic groups. Peptic ulcer induced by aspirin 200 mg/kg BW given orally once a day for five days. The therapeutic group (dose 16.2 mg/200 g BW, 32.4 mg/200 g BW, 48.6 mg/200 g BW) administrated orally once a day for fourteen days. Expression of TNF-α were analyzed by ANOVA followed by Tukey test (α=5%) and histopathology description of duodenum were analyzed descriptive qualitative. The result showed that treatment of the ethanolic extract from Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr leaves at dose 48.6 mg/200 g BW was the effective dosage. The conclusion of this research indicate that ethanolic extract from Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr leaves can be used as alternative therapy peptic ulcer towards decrease the expression of TNF-α and repair duodenum histopathology such as structure of epithelial duodenum, vile and decrease of inflammatory cell and vascular vasodilatation (paper)

[en] The research has been to development cortex banyuru (Pterospermium celebicum, Miq) [1] and lengkuas (Alpinia galangal extract) topical preparations to validate the method of analyzing total flavanoid levels [2]. The aim of this study was to find a method suitable for developing preparations with total flavanoid priority be applied to soap Banyuru and Lengkuas extracts [3]. Valiadation parameters used in this study are specificity, linearity, range, precision, and accuracy [4].The results of the study will show that this method is specific and has a standardized linearity value, ie the range value. obtained the acquisition value, in the precision test obtained RSD (relative standard deviation) value. Based on the results of this study it can be concluded that the validation method of analysis of total flavanoid levels in soap [5]. Meuserements of spectrophotometry visible with AlCl3 reagents has specificity, linearity, range, accuracy, and precision showed the good results. The valid analysis method was then applied to the analysis of the total flavanoid content of 5 soap [6] formulas extracted from Banyuru and Lengkuas bark, and from these results total flavanoid levels were obtained. (paper)

[en] The present studies comprise the distribution of important flavonoids amongst the selected 13 medicinal plants viz., Woodfordia fruticosa, Adhatoda vasica, Chenopodium ambrosoides, Viburnum cotinifolium, Euphorbia hirta, Vitex negundo, Peganum harmala, Broussonetia papyrifera, Taraxacum officinale, Urtica dioica, Verbascum thapsus, Caryopteris grata and Mimosa rubicaulis collected from Margalla Hills for their authentication. Kaemferol was only detected in Verbascum thapsus. Myrcetin was detected in Woodfordia fruticosa, Viburnum cotinifolium, Euphorbia hirta, Vitex negundo and Broussonetia papyrifera. Catechin was detected in Woodfordia fruticosa , Chenopodium ambrosoides and Caryopteris grata. Vitexin was found absent in all the plants under study except Adhatoda vasica, Chenopodium ambrosoides and Peganum harmala. Orientin was detected in Woodfordia fruticosa, Adhatoda vasica, Viburnum cotinifolium, Euphorbia hirta, Vitex negundo, Peganum harmala, Urtica dioica and Caryopteris grata. Rutin and Kaempferol-7-neohesperoside were detected only in Broussonetia papyrifera. Quercitin was detected in Euphorbia hirta, Verbascum thapsus, Caryopteris grata and Mimosa rubicaulis. Luteolin was common among all the species. (author)