[en] A phenol-formaldehyde polymer carbon with a very low ash content (<0.01%) and a widely developed porosity has been used to analyze the effect that its surface chemistry has on calcium dispersion and, therefore, on its catalytic activity. Two calcium loading levels have been studied; one with a percentage of calcium near to the maximum ion-exchange capacity of the carbon and the other with a higher calcium loading. Different techniques (TG-DTA, TPD-MS, XPS, EXAFS, XRD) have been used to analyze the surface chemistry of the carbon and properties of the calcium as initial distribution, dispersion and catalytic activity. The results show that the surface chemistry of the carbon controls the distribution and growing of calcium particles during the preparation step and, therefore, determines its dispersion, the calcium-carbon contact and its catalytic activity. This study shows that the calcium-carbon contact is directly related to the calcium ion-exchanged with the carboxylic groups of the carbon. (author)

[en] There are presented description of test facility on gasification of coal of various deposits and the outcomes of conducted experiments. There is also description of the scheme of facility on coal hydrogenation, which is under designing and its performance specification. (author)

[en] Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) is the conversion of coal in the seam into a combustible gas. UCG is conceptually very simple but controlling the reaction and producing a consistent gas quality under a variety of geological and coal conditions is difficult to achieve. The basic concept has two boreholes, one for the injection of oxidants and the other for the removal of the product gas. (authors)

[en] The US electric power production market is experiencing significant changes sparking interest in the current and future alternatives for power production. Coal gasification technology is being marketed to satisfy the needs of the volatile power production industry. Coal gasification is a promising power production process in which solid coal is burned to produce a synthesis gas (syn gas). The syn gas may be used to fuel combustion integrated into a facility producing electric power. Advantages of this technology include efficient power production, low flue gas emissions, flexible fuel utilization, broad capability for facility integration, useful process byproducts, and decreased waste disposal. The primary disadvantages are relatively high capital costs and lack of proven long-term operating experience. Developers of coal gasification intend to improve on these disadvantages and lop a strong position in the power generation market. This paper is a marketing analysis of the partial oxidation coal gasification processes emerging in the US in response to the market factors of the power production industry. A brief history of these processes is presented, including the results of recent projects exploring the feasibility of integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) as a power production alternative. The current power generation market factors are discussed, and the status of current projects is presented including projected performance

[en] In the existing in Kazakhstan fuel-energy situation the important significance has got the non-traditional geo-technological ways of minerals extraction. These methods stipulating transformation of coals and shale oils into mobile state within the productive thickness. These methods in the high level meet to the principles of recycling technologies. Key place among geo-technological methods of development, reprocessing solid combustible minerals is the underground gasification of coals (UGC). The technology is based on the coal transformation into combustible gas in the depth at an deposit. In the Kazakhstan there are lignite deposits most auspicious for organization of UGC methods. The deposits are as follows: Low-Ili and Lenger (South Kazakhstan), Chernigov (North Kazakhstan). At the same time these deposits are unfavourable for traditional development technologies

[en] This presentation focuses on the use of low rank coals to form synfuels. A worldwide abundance of low rank coals exists. Large deposits in the United States are located in Texas and North Dakota. Low rank coal deposits are also found in Europe, India and Australia. Because of the high moisture content of lignite ranging from 30% to 60% or higher, it is usually utilized in mine mouth applications. Lignite is generally very reactive and contains varying amounts of ash and sulfur. Typical uses for lignite are listed. A commercial application using lignite as feedstock to a synfuels plant, Dakota Gasification Company's Great Plains Gasification Plant, is discussed

[en] Laboratory scale process of underground gasification of Pakistani lignite has been performed to check the potential of the Pakistani coal for gasification. High permeability and low swelling index of coal are desirable properties for UCG. In Pakistani lignite both properties are found and in case of lignite and brown coal, natural permeability provides adequate linkage. The proximate and ultimate compositions of the samples show that it is of low quality coal with high volatile matter. Coal has been converted into syngas and utilized as the substitute of natural gas and for power generation. (author)

No abstract available

[en] During recent approach the basic emphasis is on electricity generation from coal. Electricity generated from hydroelectric power plants is not enough to meet today's demands, so it's the necessity of day to seek alternate sources. Coal is the most abundant and versatile fossil fuel. Pakistan's total coal reserves are estimated to be around 184.5 billion tones, which also included recently discovered deposits of low sulphur coal at Thar. Out of these large reserves Pakistan utilizes only 40 million tones per year. The existing coal reserves in the country could meet the requirements of 6 power plants of 1000 MW for next 30 50 years, but currently coal makes merely 1% of electricity generation. In this coherence, coal-burning power plant with zero toxic gases/solids emissions is proposed. The traditional coal power plant can be installed for electricity generation and with use of different environmentally sound technologies, so that emission of toxic gases or solids is captured at the source and finally used for other useful purposes. (author)

[en] Beginning 1990 at the Inst. of Atom Energy of National Nuclear Centre of Republic Kazakstan are conducting works on brown coal processing technology and creating pilot-scale plants for these purposes. Has been worked out the plants for study of coal gasifications and it hydrogenation. The plant for coal gasification is intended for synthesis gas producing by the method of coal dust thermochemical transformation' in the media of gaseous oxygen an water steam. There were 6 methodic settings to motion of this plant. Output of gaseous products is equal to 2,2 m³/kg. The second part of continuous action provides receives gaseous, liquid and solid fractions. Has been working out for coal chemical reprocessing by direct hydrogenation