[en] The scintillation detector is one of the most widely used radiation detectors. At present there is a strong interest in the development of new fast inorganic scintillators for applications in high-energy physics, medical diagnostics and materials science. A review is presented of the main fast luminescence mechanisms in inorganic crystals and the directions of research. (author)

[en] A design is described of a well-type scintillator whose response to the measured radioactive material is only little dependent on the amount thereof. (V.V.)

[en] Among inorganic crystalline luminescent compounds, X-ray luminophors are distinguished by the facts that their conversion efficiency is most sensitive to their intrinsic and impurity structural defects and that the quality of the image obtained by them depends to the greatest extent on the particle form and the perfection of their surface. Screens with calcium tungstate luminophors having oval particles with a smooth surface remain unsurpassable in image quality. The efficiency of this luminophor is 5-6%, whereas that of yttrium oxosulfide activated by terbium is nearly 13%. However, it should be noted that the quality of an image is determined not only by the shape of the particles and their packing in the luminophor layer, which depends on the manner of its formation, but also on the luminophor efficiency. An imperfect layer yields structural graininess of an image, and small doses attained at high efficiency produce so-called quantum graininess of an image. Thus, quantum fluctuations limit the tendency toward higher efficiency. Luminophors with an efficiency of 10-12% and with particles similar to those of calcium tungstate luminophor appear to be optimal for most roentgenographic trends in medicine. It is natural that these are only the necessary conditions for producing the open-quotes idealclose quotes X-ray screen because the formation of a perfect luminophor layer from such a luminophor is a separate problem

No abstract available

[en] The scintillation detector is one of the most widely used radiation detectors. At present there is great interest in the development of new fast inorganic scintillators for application in high-energy physics, medical diagnostics and materials science. A review is presented of the main fast luminescence mechanism in inorganic crystals and the directions of research. (author)

[en] Recent advances in the use of thermoluminescent materials for dosimetry have been reviewed in brief. For the dosimetry of X, gamma, thermal neutrons and to a certain extent beta rays, Li₂B₄O₇ : (Cu, Ag) phosphor has been found to meet the requirements of a tissue equivalent and sensitive material. For the dosimetry of low energy beta rays, teflon dosimeters have been developed. CaSO₄ : Dy powder mixed with sulfur can be used to measure the fast neutron dose of the order of a few millirads and it offers discrimination against gamma rays. Boron as a dopant for LiF makes possible to discriminate between fast neutrons and gamma rays. TL materials are also used for UV dosimetry. In the field of personnel monitoring, CaSO₄ : Dy material based dosimeters are replacing the usual photographic film based dosimeters. Dosimetric properties of some of the important phosphors are given. (M.G.B.)

No abstract available

[en] Published in summary form only

No abstract available

[en] The activities of the Biophysical Institute of the Semmelweis Medical University (Budapest) in the past 25 years are reviewed. Excellent work has been carried out in the field of radioactivity detection: the first NaI(Tl), KI(Tl), CsI(Tl) crystals as well as the first scintigraphic measuring instruments used for thyroid-examinations were developed in the Institute. The serial production of the crystal-detectors and of the nuclear measuring instruments is the responsibility of the GAMMA factory. The Institute actively took part in the development of tracer techniques and in the organization of special courses on isotopes. (L.E.)