No abstract available

[en] The interaction radius of a resonance is an important physical quantity to describe the structure of a resonance. But, for a long time, physicists do not find a reliable way to measure the magnitude of the interaction radius of a resonance. In this paper, a method is proposed to measure the interaction radius in physics analysis. It is found that the centrifugal barrier effects have great influence to physical results obtained in the PWA fit, and the interaction radius of some resonances can be well measured in the fit. (physics of elementary particles and fields)

No abstract available

[en] We reply to the preceding Comment

No abstract available

[en] The beneficial engineered single-amino-acid deletion variants EGFP^D190Δ and EGFP^A227Δ have been studied. Single-amino-acid deletions are a common part of the natural evolutionary landscape but are rarely sampled during protein engineering owing to limited and prejudiced molecular understanding of mutations that shorten the protein backbone. Single-amino-acid deletion variants of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) have been identified by directed evolution with the beneficial effect of imparting increased cellular fluorescence. Biophysical characterization revealed that increased functional protein production and not changes to the fluorescence parameters was the mechanism that was likely to be responsible. The structure EGFP^D190Δ containing a deletion within a loop revealed propagated changes only after the deleted residue. The structure of EGFP^A227Δ revealed that a ‘flipping’ mechanism was used to adjust for residue deletion at the end of a β-strand, with amino acids C-terminal to the deletion site repositioning to take the place of the deleted amino acid. In both variants new networks of short-range and long-range interactions are generated while maintaining the integrity of the hydrophobic core. Both deletion variants also displayed significant local and long-range changes in dynamics, as evident by changes in B factors compared with EGFP. Rather than being detrimental, deletion mutations can introduce beneficial structural effects through altering core protein properties, folding and dynamics, as well as function

[en] The process of the globular structure formation from a long molecular chain is examined in a general sense. In the course of this process various regions of the chain interact with each other. The bonds formed during this process are classified as native and non-native ones. Native bonds are formed in native globular structure. All other bonds are 'incorrect' (non-native). It is demonstrated that the globule formation can occur actually without production and subsequent decay of non-native contacts. The proposed model allows to avoid a search of numerous non-native variants since long-distance interactions with a high selectivity take place between the chain regions that form native bonds. The presence of these interactions prompts the chain regions which yield native contacts start to draw together and to interact. The databank data analysis shows that the developed model can be applied not only to the abstract structures but also to real polypeptide chains which are able to form both globular structures and helical fibrils. -- Highlights: → The process of the globular structure formation from a long molecular chain is examined. → It is shown that the globule formation can occur without production of non-native contacts. → The proposed model allows to avoid a search of non-native variants since long-distance interactions with a high selectivity. → This interaction takes place between the chain regions that form native bonds. → The databank data analysis shows that the developed model can be applied to real polypeptide chains.

[en] A new model to describe fractal growth is discussed which includes effects due to long-range coupling between displacements u. The model is based on the biharmonic equation nabla⁴u = 0 in two-dimensional isotropic defect-free media as follows from the Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation for pattern formation -or, alternatively, from the theory of elasticity. As a difference with Laplacian and Poisson growth models, in the new model the Laplacian of u is either zero or proportional to u. Its discretization allows to reproduce a transition from dense to multibranched growth at a point in which the growth velocity exhibits a minimum similarly to what occurs within Poisson growth in planar geometry. Furthermore, in circular geometry the transition point is estimated for the simplest case from the relation r_l approx. L/e^1/2 such that the trajectories become stable at the growing surfaces in a continuous limit. Hence, within the biharmonic growth model, this transition depends only on the system size L and occurs approximately at a distance 60% far from a central seed particle. The influence of biharmonic patters on the growth probability for each lattice site is also analysed. (author). 26 refs, 5 figs

[en] Let H₀=-Δ in L²(R³) and H=-Δ+T where T is a pseudo-differential operator. A class of operators T which correspond physically to momentum dependent long range potentials is considered. For each such T a modified free propagator esup(iW(t)) is given depending on the momentum operators and the existence of the modified wave operators is proved as t tends to infinity. In order to reduce the complexity of the proof a condition is imposed on the decrease of the interaction at large distances which in the case of a simple potential, reduces to /V(x)/< const/x/ at the power -α with α>1/2

[en] It is shown that Eoetvoes-type torsion-balance experiments performed in the vicinity of a large cliff may be used as sensitive tests for the recently postulated existence of a medium-range hypercharge force. The residual nonzero effect found in the original Eoetvoes results could be mainly due to terrain irregularities and thus be larger than, but still correlated to, the effects expected from the earth's rotation and the hypercharge hypothesis