[en] Tetanus is a life threatening disease. Reported mortality for tetanus is 15-39%. Conventional treatment includes heavy sedation and artificial ventilation. Complications resulting from long term heavy sedation and artificial ventilation contribute to 60% of the total mortality caused by tetanus. In this study magnesium sulphate was used to reduce the need for sedation and artificial ventilation. Objectives of this prospective study were to determine the role of magnesium sulphate in post traumatic tetanus. The study was carried out in surgical Intensive Care at Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS), Islamabad from Jan 2004 to Dec 2007. Forty-four patients presented during this period and 33 patients were included in the study. All patients had tracheostomy done within 48 hours. Every patient was started Magnesium Sulphate therapy for control of spasms after sending baseline investigations. Patients were given ventilatory support when needed. All data was entered in well structured proforma. SPSS-10 was used to analyse data. Thirty-three patients were included in the study and all patients were given magnesium sulphate. Out of these, 45.5% cases were grade 4 tetanus, 73.6% and 63.3% cases did not require artificial ventilation and additional sedation respectively, 51.1% patients remained free of complications of tetanus. Overall mortality was 30.3%. Use of Magnesium Sulphate is safe and reduces the need for sedation and artificial ventilation in high grade tetanus thus contributing to survival benefit in adult post-traumatic tetanus cases. (author)

[en] To see the effects of magnesium sulphate in newborn with persistent pulmonary hypertension of newborn (PPHN) who did not respond to mechanical hyperventilation and are candidate for Extra Corporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO). Ten newborn who were admitted to Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) with profound hypoxia and respiratory failure due to PPHN were treated with conventional mechanical ventilation and then mechanical hyperventilation. The newborns who did not respond to mechanical Hyperventilation were treated with magnesium sulphate infusion. Nine out of ten babies survived and one of them died. The differences between the mean AaDo2, OI index, and PH after mechanical hyperventilation and magnesium sulphate administration was significant. Magnesium has a role in the treatment of PPHN patients who do not respond to hyperventilation or may be applied instead of hyperventilation. (author)

[en] The aim of the investigation is to enhance the ESR dosemeter sensitivity in the therapy dose range below 10 Gy, where the ESR spectrum of the α-alanine radical becomes increasingly difficult to evaluate for dosimetry. Anhydrous magnesium sulphate, MgSO₄, appears to be an excellent candidate from the spectrometric point of view. On irradiation with ⁶⁰Co γ rays, the stable radical SO₃^- is produced whose ESR signal amplitude increases linearly with dose up to about 10⁵ Gy. Ignoring the abundant isotopes ¹⁷O (0.04%) and ³³S (0.74%), the spectrum of SO₃^- is a single line at g = 2.0036 of width 0.5 mT which is stable at temperatures up to at least 120^oC. Using the conventional peak-to-peak method of dosimeter readout, the MgSO₄ dosemeter is somewhat more sensitive than the traditional alanine dosemeter of the same mass. Its main advantage over the alanine dosemeter is, however, the ease of computer enhancement and the possibility of integration which the single-line spectrum offers. (author)

[en] ³²P is a widely used radio-nuclide in bone pain palliation therapy. ³²P can be produced in FBTR through ³²S (n, p) ³²P. In order to investigate the feasibility of the production and develop a flow sheet for the chemical processing of the irradiated target, a trial run was carried out using KAMINI reactor. This paper describes the irradiation of sulphate target in KAMINI reactor and chemical processing of the target to separate ³²P. (author)

[en] Objective: To compare the effectiveness of Morphine alone and Morphine with MgSo4 in pain management after CABG surgery. Methods: This randomized control trial was conducted in the department of anesthesia and critical care Choudhary Pervaiz Ellahi Institute of Cardiology, Multan from November 2016 to June 2017. All collected data was entered and analyzed by using computer software SPSS version 23.1. Quantitative data like age, VAS score was analyzed and presented as mean and standard deviation. Similarly qualitative data like gender and ASA status was calculated and presented as frequency and percentages. Independent sample T-test was applied for significance of VAS score. P value ≤0.05 was considered as significant. Results: A total number of 150 patients of both genders were included in this study. The main outcome variables of our study were VAS score. It was observed that, in group (M), the mean VAS score after 4, 12 and 24 hours of operation was 5.24±1.61, 5.8±2.27 and 5.44±2.27 respectively. And in group (MM), the mean VAS score after 4, 12 and 24 hours of operation was 4.36±2.58, 3.48±2.10 and 4.12±1.05 respectively. It was noted that both groups had statically significant difference of VAS score, as group (M) had higher VAS score than group (MM). Conclusion: Morphine with MgSo4 has better efficacy as compared to morphine alone when used as analgesic agent after CABG surgery. (author)

[en] Objective: To evaluate the use of magnesium sulphate (MgSO/sub 4/) as an anticonvulsant in the management of eclamptic patients. Patients and Methods: Out of a total of 6050 pregnant women, 31 patients had eclampsia and were managed according to the set protocol. MgSO/sub 4/ 'Nas given to eclamptic patients according to protocol who had no contraindication to this agent. Recurrence of convulsion, side effects of magnesium sulphate, maternal and fetal outcome was noted. Results: Over two years' study period, out of 6050 patients, 31 were admitted with eclampsia (0.51 %). There was no maternal death. Out of 31 eclamptic patients only 5 patients were booked. Twenty-two patients (70.9%) were primigravida and 9 (29%) were multigravida. Seventeen (54%) were less than 20 years of age, 22 (79.9%) patients were admitted with antepartum and 6 (19.35%) had postpartum eclampsia. Magnesium sulphate was effective in 29 (93.54%) patients. Fifteen patients delivered by caesarean (C) section and 16 delivered vaginally. Twenty-nine (93.5%) babies were born alive. Two patients had recurrent convulsion i.e. 6.4%. Only one patient had respiratory depression after the use of magnesium sulphate. Conclusion: Eclampsia was well controlled by the use of MgSO/sub 4/. There were only 2 patients who had recurrence of convulsion. Convulsions were controlled in 29 (93.54%) patients despite lack of monitoring facilities of serum magnesium level. (author)

[en] Photon buildup for some SrSO₄, BaSO₄, MgSO₄, MnSO₄, FeSO₄ and ZnSO₄ thermoluminescent dosimetric (TLD) compounds was investigated in the present work. Photon energy absorption buildup factors and photon exposure build factors were computed for the TLD compounds using the five-parameter geometric progression fitting method in energy range 0.015-15 MeV for penetration depths up to 40 mean free path. The buildup factors were studied as a function of photon energy, penetration depth and chemical compositions. Effective atomic numbers and air-kerma for the TLD compounds were calculated and ICRU standard tissue equivalence was discussed. (author)

[en] Highlights: • Humic acid-HA, NaHCO₃, MgSO₄, KCl and CaCl₂ change the stability and oxidation state of silver nanoparticle-AgNPs surface. • Ag³⁺ is formed on AgNPs surface mainly in presence of NaHCO₃, MgSO₄ and HA. • Toxicological endpoints in zebrafish embryos exposed to Ag³⁺ were not significant for acute exposure. • HA coated on AgNPs surface reduces the concentration of Ag ions released and the toxicity in zebrafish embryos. • HA acts as a natural attenuator/remediator of polluted water with AgNPs. - Abstract: The use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) result in an inevitable contact with aquatic environments. Here we study the behavior of AgNPs and the developmental toxicity in zebrafish embryos exposed to these nanoparticles (0–10 mg/L) with and without the presence of HA (20 mg/L), using zebrafish facility water (ZFW) and zebrafish growing media (ZGM). The presence of cations and HA gave rise to a decrease in Ag ion release and ζ-potential, an increase in the hydrodynamic diameter and oxidation of the AgNP surface. The results show that the presence of HA and cations in the media, as well as the silver speciation, i.e., the unusual presence of Ag³⁺, decreases the toxicity of AgNPs (LC50_AgNPs: 1.19 mg/L; LC50_AgNPs+HA: 3.56 mg/L), as well as silver bioavailability and toxicity in zebrafish embryos. Developmental alterations and the LC50 (1.19 mg/L) of AgNPs in ZFW were more relevant (p ≤ 0.05) than for AgNPs in ZGM (LC50 > 10 mg/L). It was demonstrated that the bioaccumulation and toxicity of AgNPs depends on several factors including AgNPs concentration, nanoparticle aggregation, dissolved silver ions, speciation of silver ions, the amount of salt in the environment, the presence of humic substances and others, and different combinations of all of these factors.

[en] Experimental part of the studies consist of change in concentration of magnesium sulphate against time of its crystallization from sea bittern during chilling. The said data is represented by characteristic straight lines, the slopes(s) of which give the numerical value of kinetics of reaction (Kinetic constant) suggesting that the reaction is of zero order. It is observed that in case of normal bittern the kinetic constant is influenced by the % magnesium sulphate which in turn depends on quality of raw material/weather conditions- Nevertheless, in case of any treatment such as heating and reconstitution of sea bittern, the kinetics constant indicated to depend on the ratio of magnesium sulphate to magnesium chloride. Statistically, the data found to be normally distributed, consistent and free from systematic errors. The calculated values of (i) intercepts have been observed to be very close to actual values. In case of verification factor, the change in calculated values found to be +8% to -11 % of ideal values. The theoretical portion comprises of comprehensive treatment of energy balance/overall energy balance equations(s), their transformation to different standard straight lines consisting of bivariates, namely concentration/temperature, concentration/time and temperature/time. Subsequent manipulated of the intercepts/slopes of the lines led to derive important relationships such as heat of crystallization and overall heat requirement of the process. Further, the significance of the parameters/terminology involved in the process, have also been appropriately elaborated. Furthermore, the relationship amongst the slopes of three combinations of variables has led to conceive a new term being called 'verification factor', which under ideal conditions should be unity and the departure from which would be the indication of different types of errors. (author)

[en] Experimental (liquid + liquid) equilibrium (LLE) data were determined for a ternary system (polyvinylpyrrolidone + MgSO₄ + water) at various temperatures of (298.15, 303.15, and 308.15) K. The UNIQAC, modified regular solution, modified Wilson and Chen-NRTL models were used to correlate the experimental tie-line data. The results show that at each temperature, the quality of fitting is better with the Chen-NRTL model