[en] At decommissioning, some accelerators leave a legacy of low-level induced radioactivity in massive components. Although guidelines for acceptable surface contamination levels for release of materials and equipment to the general public do exist, there are presently no standards for release of materials and equipment with radioactivity distributed throughout their volumes. The decommissionings of five AEC-funded accelerators were examined. One common feature of these decommissionings was that major components usually were assigned and shipped for use or storage at other accelerator laboratories. In addition to reviewing selected past decommissionings, the authors also examined various aspects of decommissioning accelerators presently operating. The estimated cost ($ 1978) of decommissioning ranges from $8.8 x 10⁴ for an electron linac to $7.0 x 10⁶ for the ZGS

[en] The hydrological and orographic situation of Austria is described. Water quality and the organization of its control are discussed. The results of these investigations are converted into water quality maps issued in regular intervals. The importance of pollution abatement in lakes is mentioned. The Austrian Danube is taken as a typical example of a conventionally polluted river. Complications arising from the construction of hydroelectric plants are discussed and the different sedimentation and the risks of deoxygenation are considered. The radiological control of inland waters was started in 1961 after the nuclear test series. The data collected from 16 sampling points at monthly intervals serve now as the guideline for the issue of licences for nuclear power plants and the limits for radiological releases. The radiological data so far collected by the Federal Ministry of Health and Environmental Protection cover atmospheric and aqueous contamination. A Federal Law regulates the maximum permissible impacts on the population and the environment. All relevant data are issued regularly by the above mentioned Ministry. The influence of already existing and planned nuclear power stations in the neighbouring countries (upstream of Austria: Switzerland, Federal Republic of Germany, Czechoslovakia) is considered. Radiological control in connection with the first Austrian nuclear plant (capacity 700 MW) and the following ones is discussed. The initiatives of several international organizations to install a multinational control system are mentioned. The system would be planned for all riparian countries of the Danube catchment area. (author)

[en] In most countries discharge limits are still determined as from permissible maximum concentrations. But allowing for radioecological data in the adaptation to concrete cases is still to a large extent a question of practice. A trend is emerging, particularly in the Federal Republic of Germany and in the United States, to replace the PMC's by an immission principle or the 30m/rem, consisting in setting a potential exposure limit of the surrounding population, given the radioecological conditions

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[en] The strategy developed here permits standard values for contaminated skin to be derived from previously determined threshold for the relevant body dose. Those standards can only be set up following calculation of dose-equivalent-rate factors, on the basis of which threshold values for the dermal dose may be expressed as standard values for skin decontamination measures. The strategy offers the possibility of performing the required decontamination using a suitable, non-aggresive method that excludes any unnecessary or untoward measures. A dose of 10 bq/cm² as a standard value for beta-radiating materials is a reliable criterion in any decisions on further measures to be taken, as it is compatible with radiation protection requirements and also an answer to legal questions concerning the general behaviour in the event of unremovable contaminations. (orig./HP)

[en] Dismantling activities began in 1988; they will give rise to some 500 Mg of activated steel not exceeding 2.10⁵ Bq/g. Under the German Atomic Energy Act and the requirements expressed by the German Advisory Committee on Radiological Protection, dismantled parts and components of the plant with up to 0.1 Bq/g and, under some conditions, up to 1.0 Bq/g, must be reused safely. The Bavarian Technical Inspectorate (TUeV Bayern) examined KKN and defined clearance levels for recycling and reuse. Dismantling will be finished with the recultivation of the site probably in early 1994. (orig./HP)

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