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[en] The main problem raised by pilot- plant investigations is to devise a method for bridging the gap between developmental work in the laboratory and the practical applications of this work. How can the knowledge acquired in the laboratory be passed on to manufacturers or processors? The following questions are pertinent: (a) Is the pilot plant regarded as an immediate precursor of commercial plants? (b) How is a 100-fold increase in product handling realized? (c) How is commercial interest increased? (d) Who carries the final responsibilities for the programme of the pilot plant? (e) What technical facilities are needed, and (f) How the pilot plant should be organized to keep a constant flow of information between interested parties. All these aspects are discussed on the basis of a planned pilot plant for food irradiation in the Netherlands. (author)
[fr]
Le principal problème que pose l’étude d’une installation pilote consiste à franchir le pas entre les travaux en laboratoire et leur application pratique. En d'autres termes, comment les connaissances acquises en laboratoire peuvent-elles être transmises aux constructeurs ou aux utilisateurs? Les questions suivantes se posent: a) L’installation pilote est-elle considérée comme le précurseur immédiat d’une version commerciale? b) comment peut-on multiplier sa capacité par 100? c) Comment peut-on la rendre commercialement plus intéressante? d) Qui est responsable en dernier ressort du programme de l’installation pilote? e) Quels sont les moyens techniques nécessaires? f) Comment organiser l’installation pilote pour assurer un échange constant de renseignements entre les parties intéressées? Tous les points mentionnés ci-dessus sont étudiés en partant des données relatives à une installation pilote d’irradiation dont la construction est envisagée aux Pays-Bas. (author)[es]
El problema principal que plantea el estudio de las plantas piloto es idear un método que sirva de nexo entre los trabajos de investigación en laboratorio y las aplicaciones prácticas. Se suscita, en otras palabras, la cuestión de saber cómo pueden transmitirse a los fabricantes e industriales los conocimientos adquiridos en el laboratorio. Conviene tener en cuenta los siguientes puntos: a) ¿Se considera la planta piloto como precursora inmediata de una planta comercial? b) Cómo puede aumentarse 100 veces el volumen de material tratado? c) Cómo puede estimularse el interés comercial? d) ¿Quién es, en definitiva, responsable del programa de la planta piloto? e) ¿Qué medios técnicos se necesitan? f) ¿Cómo puede organizarse la planta piloto de forma que se mantenga una comunicación constante entre las partes interesadas? Todas estás cuestiones se examinan en relación con una planta piloto de irradiación de alimentos que se proyecta construir en los Países Bajos. (author)[ru]
Osnovnaja problema, voznikajushhaja v svjazi s primeneniem jeksperimental'noj ustanovki v issledovatel'skih celjah, zakljuchaetsja v razrabotke metoda, kotoryj pomog by likvidirovat' razryv mezhdu laboratornymi rabotami i prakticheskim primeneniem. Drugimi slovami, kak peredat' informaciju, poluchennuju v laboratornyh uslovijah, v rasporjazhenie organizacij i lic, zanimajushhihsja proizvodstvom ili pererabotkoj sel'skohozjajstvennoj produkcii. V svjazi s jetim voznikaet rjad voprosov: a) Rassmatrivaetsja li opytnaja ustanovka v kachestve neposredstvennogo prototipa kommercheskoj ustanovki? b) Kakim obrazom dostigaetsja uvelichenie obluchaemoj produkcii v 100 raz? v) Kak zainteresovat' kommercheskie krugi v dannoj ustanovke? g) Kto neset okonchatel'nuju otvetstvennost' za programmu opytnoj ustanovki? d) Neobhodimo tehnicheskoe oborudovanie? e) Kakim obrazom sleduet organizovat' rabotu opytnoj ustanovki s tem, chtoby obespechit' nepreryvnyj obmen informaciej mezhdu zainteresovannymi storonami? Vse vysheperechislennye aspekty obsuzhdajutsja v svete sozdanija v Gollandii opytnoj ustanovki po oblucheniju pishhevyh produktov. (author)Source
International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna (Austria); Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Rome (Italy); 979 p; Nov 1966; p. 727-732; International Symposium on Food Irradiation; Karlsruhe, Federal Republic of Germany (Germany); 6-10 Jun 1966; IAEA-SM--73/55; ISSN 0074-1884; 
No abstract available
Source
International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna (Austria); Proceedings series; 595 p; ISBN 92-0-060082-4; ; 1982; p. 124; IAEA; Vienna; International conference on industrial application of radioisotopes and radiation technology; Grenoble, France; 28 Sep - 2 Oct 1981; IAEA-CN--40/22P; Abstract only.
; 1982; p. 124; IAEA; Vienna; International conference on industrial application of radioisotopes and radiation technology; Grenoble, France; 28 Sep - 2 Oct 1981; IAEA-CN--40/22P; Abstract only.
[en] A new production method is presented allowing the production of bulk quantities of fullerenes and other carbon nanomaterials using a 3-phase thermal plasma (260 kW). The main characteristics of this method lie in the independent control of the carbon throughput by injection of a solid carbon feedstock, and the immediate extraction of the synthesised product from the reactor, allowing production on a continuous basis. The currently investigated plasma facility is of an intermediate scale between lab-size and an industrial pilot plant, ready for further up scaling to an industrial size. The influence of a large number of different carbon precursors, plasma gases and operating conditions on the fullerene yield has been studied. At this state, quantities of up to 1 kg of carbon can be processed per hour with further scope for increase, leading to production rates for this type of materials not achievable with any other technology at present
Journal
[en] This paper reports that to evaluate accurately the effects of a loss of offsite power at a plant site with multiple units, an approach has been developed which accounts for t myriad of multiple unit conditions which may exist. This approach has been demonstrated successfully at multiple unit sites, and has proven to be a valuable tool in the identification of potential inter-unit vulnerabilities associated with loss of offsite power events
Source
Anon; 1300 p; ISBN 0-89448-142-8; ; 1989; p. 796-801; American Nuclear Society; La Grange Park, IL (United States); PSA '89: international topical meeting on probability, reliability and safety assessment; Pittsburgh, PA (United States); 2-7 Apr 1989; CONF-890405--; American Nuclear Society, 555 North Kensington Ave., La Grange Park, IL 60525 (United States)
; 1989; p. 796-801; American Nuclear Society; La Grange Park, IL (United States); PSA '89: international topical meeting on probability, reliability and safety assessment; Pittsburgh, PA (United States); 2-7 Apr 1989; CONF-890405--; American Nuclear Society, 555 North Kensington Ave., La Grange Park, IL 60525 (United States)
[en] In reply to the Comment by Biel et al (2016 Nucl. Fusion 57 038001) on our recent papers Costley et al (2015 Nucl Fusion 55 033001) and Costley (2016 Nucl. Fusion 56 066003), we point out that the fusion triple product, nTτ E, and fusion power gain, Q fus, cannot be expressed solely in terms of independent engineering design variables such as major radius, R, and toroidal field, B; output performance variables such as normalised beta, β N, safety factor, q, and fusion power P fus, have to be invoked. Further, we show that the density limit has the effect of largely cancelling the size dependence in nTτ E and Q fus, which would otherwise be present, when these parameters are expressed in terms of P fus. Considerations of engineering aspects are also briefly discussed. (reply)
Journal
[en] The case for the fast reactor stems from its ability to extract sixty times more energy from a given mass of uranium than a thermal reactor, thereby transforming uranium from a minor to a major world fuel resource. This has led to the fast reactor being regarded as the ultimate goal of fission reactors development. The full contribution of nuclear energy to a clean environment in the long term can only properly be realized through the fast reactor route. Once the need for nuclear power is accepted it becomes a question of when rather than if fast reactors are required. The timing of their introduction is unlikely to be determined solely by technical arguments since the commercial exploitation of the system demands a convergence of governmental, commercial and industrial aims. In other words, it is a matter of what may be termed institutional opportunity. For this reason, the date of introduction will vary from country to country in Europe. Recent utility assessments have determined that the earliest date by which a commercial fast reactor needs to be available for ordering in Europe would be about 2010, to take advantage of the need to replace plant commissioned in the 1970s. The full scale demonstration plant, EFR, will need to have been constructed and in operation for long enough to convince utilities of its technical and commercial viability by 2010. (author)
Journal
[en] Significant advances have been made in the confinement of reactor-grade plasmas, so that the authors are now preparing for experiments at the open-quotes power breakevenclose quotes level in the JET and TFTR experiments. In ITER the authors will extend the performance of tokamaks into the burning plasma regime, develop the technology of fusion reactors, and produce over a gigawatt of fusion power. Besides taking these crucial steps toward the technical feasibility of fusion, the authors must also take steps to ensure its economic acceptability. The broad requirements for economically attractive tokamak reactors based on physics advancements have been set forth in a number of studies. An advanced physics data base is emerging from a physics program of concept improvement using existing tokamaks around the world. This concept improvements program is emerging as the primary focus of the US domestic tokamak program, and a key element of that program is the proposed Tokamak Physics Experiment (TPX). With TPX the authors can develop the scientific data base for compact, continuously-operating fusion reactors, using advanced steady-state control techniques to improve plasma performance. The authors can develop operating techniques needed to ensure the success of ITER and provide first-time experience with several key fusion reactor technologies. This paper explains the relationships of TPX to the current US fusion physics program, to the ITER program, and to the development of an attractive tokamak demonstration plant for this next stage in the fusion program
Journal
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