[en] with the enterprise competitive environment rapid change, the importance of competitive intelligence becomes suddenly to reveal day by day. The patent is one of the most important information sources of competitive intelligence. This article describes the present status of the enterprise patent work, proposes the patent work strategy, point out that if it wants to enhance the enterprise competitive power, it will pay attention to the patent work. (authors)

[en] ARPEL (Asistencia Reciproca Petrolera Estatal Latinoamericana -Latin America State Oil Companies Association for Mutal Assistance) is a private organization working for the benefit of its 20 member companies as well as promoting the economic integration of their respective countries. The Latin American State Oil Companies (LASOCs) are responsible for 80% of petroleum activities in the region, which in 1990 amounted to 7.4 mbd or 11.4% of the world's production. Mexico and Venezuela are responsible for 2/3 of the output. The LASOCs, besides filling domestic needs and seeking country self-sufficiency, look for opportunities for participation in international markets and to attract external investment. (authors)

[en] This reference document on ownership structures of principal petroleum companies identifies 'who owns whom' in the Canadian petroleum industry. The publication consists of three chapters. Chapter one, entitled 'Corporate Structures' includes the equity linkages between the energy enterprise and its parents and subsidiaries, names of directors and officers of the company and their ownership of voting shares. Chapter two under the title of 'Significant Events', provides company incorporation and listing data, outlining information on address of the company's head office, the nature of its business, number of employees in Canada, and stock exchanges on which the company equity is listed, stock symbol, high, low and closing prices as of December 31, 1996. Chapter three, entitled 'Takeovers and Acquisitions 1976-1997, provides a list of purchases, mergers and acquisitions and the estimated value of each, where applicable. All information included is provided by the companies themselves

[en] Highlights: • The study examines the influence of Brazil's national oil enterprise, Petrobras, on oil sector reforms. • This influence results from Petrobras's monopoly of technical expertise. • The political and economic dynamics of the oil sector in the last twenty years are revealed. • Policy implications are proposed for future reforms. - Abstract: The literature shows that Petrobras's specialized knowledge in deep-water exploration helped it maintain its dominance of the oil sector in Brazil. This article contributes to the literature by throwing light on how this process operates: as technicians of the State enterprise monopolize the knowledge, they are called on to participate in key policy decisions for the sector, and thus exert an influence that is not counter-balanced by other experts. Also, as these technicians’ ethos identifies Petrobras's policy agenda with national interests, their participation in oil policymaking reinforces the enterprise's dominance in the sector. This case study contributes to energy policy studies by bringing to the discussion questions addressed here on the institutionalist approach, relating particularly to bureaucratic agents’ behavior and their influence as technical specialists on processes of change. It also addresses the problem of unexpected results of institutional reforms, in view of the challenges faced by governments that seek to alter regulatory frameworks. In other words, the study of a specific case of a government agency through institutional theory seeks to answer exhortations from scholars that indicate the necessity of applying institutionalist approach in the analysis of governance structures.

[en] Because of the growth of cities in size and population, people get used to perform several stage trips involving transfers due to advantages such as time or price paid, being multistage trips more attractive compared to single stage trips. In Quito, Ecuador, nowadays multistage trips represent one third of total daily trips. This paper seeks to identify main characteristics of multistage trips as well as find relationships and inferences that allow recommendations regarding best practices to policy makers and transport managers. The information used belong to the data collected in the Household Survey Mobility held in Quito in 2011. Based on these data, the present work starts using an analysis with descriptive statistics. The next phase of this research involves the search for a methodology in order to identify correlations between demographic, socioeconomic and transport variables related with traveler´s choice for making or not a transfer. Best methodology found was the use of Binary Logistic Regression (Logit) and specific computer software, with which different statistic's models were performed to find the strongest correlation. The paper ends with conclusions and recommendations as well as suggestions for future research. (Author)

[en] The restructuring, and to a lesser extent the privatisation, of state petroleum enterprises in many oil-producing countries has been seen as a means of addressing the shortcomings of previous state regulation. Recent developments in the petroleum industry within the general context of the current privatisation process are examined in this chapter. Political, economic and social reasons are sought for restructuring being the preferred alternative to the privatisation of state petroleum enterprises in developing countries. The benefits, problems and obstacles to privatisation are analysed. (UK)

[en] Analyse the present situation of China state-owned enterprises overseas investment. (author)

[en] Setting up virtual private network for business enterprise provides a low cost network foundation, increases enterprise's network function and enlarges its private scope. The text introduces virtual private network's principal, privileges and protocols that use in virtual private network. At last, this paper introduces several setting up virtual private network's technologies which based on LAN

[en] Differing assessments of advice being offered to governments and national oil companies of the petroleum exporting countries are given by three commentators. The advice, coming from traders, consultants and the management of formal futures exchanges, is that oil exporters should make use of available trading instruments for the purpose of hedging in risk management; sometimes establishing forward and futures markets for their own crudes is also suggested. The first commentator offers two arguments in support of his view that the ''no-trading'' policy of oil exporters is costly and damaging to their interests. The third commentator does not favour the creation of a trading contract by producers for Arabian Gulf crudes. The idea of a producers' trading instrument is rejected more emphatically by the second commentator on the grounds that, unlike private companies, governments cannot credibly organize a market and trade in it; producers should trade in existing markets only with great care. (UK)

[en] In the Piedmont region (Italy) the electronic ticketing system called BIP, is currently active across much of its territory, and thedata collected in the Province of Cuneo since the full activation of the system (2014) provide today a sound source ofinformation. Two different travel documents are available, travel passes and pay-per-use, with different validation rules: check-inonly for travel passes and check-in and check-out for pay-per-use. Data produced by this electronic ticketing system employingsmart cards allow to perform a detailed analysis of each user’s behaviour, and calculate time and space distributions of eachpassenger trip. In detail, data originating from smart card transactions allow to trace back the trip chains, establish journey originsand destinations, and produce a “travel diary” for each passenger. Based on this data, performance indicators (i.e. load factor) aswell as user mobility patterns and origin-destination matrices can be calculated in an automated and reliable way. This articlepresents a methodology for assessing the quality of the data collected when information about boarding and alighting stops isavailable from the (on board) validation system. It also presents an algorithm to assign a destination for each trip where only theboarding information is available. In the case study of the Province of Cuneo, it was found that 91% of the pay-per-use journeydata are reliable and can be used for further analysis, whereas with the use of the proposed algorithm it was possible to estimatethe destinations for 82% of the travel pass trips. (Author)