No abstract available

[en] Reference Man models for the adult, 15, 10, 5, 1 and 0 year old males and females of Asian populations were developed for use in internal dosimetry. They are, in principle, based on the concept of ICRP Reference Man (Publication 23) and, for reference values, on the normal organ mass data as well as statistics data on the physique and nutrition and on some other relevant literature data at least on Japanese and Chinese. Variation in physical measurements was considered, as had been tentatively observed in the IAEA-RCA Co-ordinated Research Programme on Compilation of Anatomical, Physiological and Metabolic Characteristics for a Reference Asian Man. The work has been carried out partly within the activities of the ICRP Task Group on Reference Man. The weight of the skeleton is being adjusted following the revised reference values in Publication 70. (author)

[en] Following legislation for radiation protection in Europe, increasing interest has been given to patient dosimetry in diagnostic radiology. Dose comparisons between groups of patients have demonstrated considerable discrepancies. The equipment, as well as procedures used, have been scrutinized to find reasons for the variations and to reduce it. In this work, patient size and shape are considered in patient dose evaluations in diagnostic radiology. The size, shape and constitution of the patients are shown to relate exponentially to the energy imparted during examination of the trunk. The equivalent cylindrical diameter of the patient body is used as the independent variable. Exponential functions are created by linear regression. ICRP Reference Man with an equivalent diameter of 22.9 cm is used as a body-size standard. A method is suggested by which coordinate transformations reduce data to a base line defined by Reference Man. The method reduces the range of energy imparted by between 30% and 60%. (author)

[en] A survey lung capacity of Javanese References Man had been done by measuring the vital capacity (VC) and forced vital capacity (FVC). This measurement was carried out on urban, agriculture and fisherman population in West Java, East Java and Middle Java Province and conducted from 1994 to 1995 by using Microspiro HI-501 spirometric diagnostic system. From this study it was found a difference of lung capacity from each population. This difference caused by different of daily activity that could influent muscular that support and also disturb of respiration. The value of lung vital capacity of Javanese Reference Man was less than ICRP recommendation that is adopted from caukasian ethnic. This difference could consequent that accumulation of radionuclides absorbed by Javanese reference man less than reference man from ICRP recommendation. This study proved that adoption from ICRP recommendation data to Indonesian Reference Man could not be done directly

[en] Radiation dose calculations using S values of a reference man can introduce substantial errors for individual patients. We found that all non target sources can be included in the remainder of the body estimate for therapeutic radionuclides. A practical method to derive organ S values based on MIRD data and the mass of the organ and total body of individual patients is proposed

[en] Using computed tomography, the thickness of the gastric walls of 100 normal patients were measured. The mean gastric wall thickness was 5.3+-9.6mm (range 1.7-14.0mm). This study found no correlations of wall thicknesses with age, sex, or body habitus. Normal standards are suggested for facilitating future evaluations of gastric walls with respect to signs of disease. (author)

[en] Magnetic resonance imagings (MRI) of the brainstem region from 30 normal or asymptomatic individuals were reviewed. The scanner of MRI was of a resistive type operating at a field of 0.2 Tesla. Two radiofrequency-pulse sequences were utilized: the saturation-recovery and inversion-recovery techniques. The external appearances of the pyramidal tracts were visualized at the level of the midbrain. The red nucleus, superior colliculus, and inferior colliculus were delineated in half of the cases; the oculomotor nerves were identified in two cases. The middle cerebellar peduncle was frequently seen. Trigeminal nerves were identified in two cases at the level of the pons. Internal structures within the medulla, except for the inferior cerebellar peduncle, were recognized only with difficulty. The hypoglossal nerves were not identified in our study. A three-dimensional study by MRI was found to be useful for the recognition of the normal brainstem structure. (author)

[en] Radiation protection of biota has been hugely developed in the recent years, and the approaches favour, in practical necessity, rather stylised representation of the organisms and the exposure pathways. Several times in the discussions a question has been raised on the appropriate level of protection in respect to the protection of people, especially since the aim has been to develop a similar system to the ICRP reference man approach. This contribution provides such considerations with calculation examples of doses to man using both the approaches in parallel; what if also people were modelled within the biota protection framework. The ERICA integrated approach is used as the an example and reasonable exposure situations of a few key nuclides are addressed. Main assumptions of shaping the reference man into the ellipsoid geometry and of assigning respective parameter values will be presented, as well as the level of doses that the biota approach produce (assuming default parameter values of a relevant-sized mammal) in comparison with the doses derived with the reference man approach. Also, the question of how the biota assessment parameter values needed to be adjusted to arrive in the same order of doses as with the reference man approach will be addressed and which main assumptions in the approaches this illustrates. Document available in abstract form only. (authors)

[en] The 70-kg open-quotes standard manclose quotes representing a typical Western adult male has been used in physiological models since at least the 1920s. In 1949 at the Chalk River conference, health physicists from the U.S., UK, and Canada agreed on the concept of a standard man to facilitate comparison of internal dose estimates. The 70-kg standard man included specifications of the masses of 25 organs and tissues, total body content of 15 elements, total water intake and output, water content of the body, and some anatomical and physiological data for the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. In 1959, in its Publication 2² on permissible doses for internal radiation the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) modified standard man. In 1963 the ICRP established a task group to revise and extend the standard man concept. The name was changed later to Reference Man and the task group's work was published in 1975 as ICRP Publication 23³. Publication 23 similar to Publication 2, updates and documents the sources of the data. Data on women, children, and fetuses were also collected, where available, but these data were limited primarily to anatomical data and only a few reference values were established for these groups. Information assembled during the course of the effort on the Reference Man report was used at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) to construct a mathematical representation of the body (a phantom) that was suitable for use with Monte Carlo methods in the calculation of organ doses. That effort was undertaken to improve estimates of dose from photon-emitting radionuclides residing within organs, so-called internal emitters. The phantom, although updated throughout the years, remains today as the basis for organ dose estimates in nuclear medicine and radiation protection and underlies the radiation risk data derived from the epidemiologic studies of the atomic bomb survivors of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

[en] In order to make clear the proper selection of imaging conditions in experimental study, 4 normal cases and 3 patients with lung and mediastinal diseases were examined with a variety of pulse sequences, slice thickness and signal matrix in magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. The machine was 0.256T superconducting MR-CT (Picker VISTA-MR). The imaging conditions were the sequences of Spin Echo methods (SE); TR 400 msec/TE40, SE1600/40, SE400/80, SE1600/80 or those of Inversion Recovery methods (IR); TR 1600/TI400/TE40 or IR2000/500/40, the slice thickness of 10 mm or 5 mm, and the signal matrix of 128 x 128 or 256 x 256. Varieties of spacial resolution and tissue contrasts were shown with these pulse sequences. But in conclusion, the images on short repetition time (TR) and short echo time (TE) were the most useful in producing the best quality of images concerning the structure of lung and mediastinum. The image quality did not show notable improvement when 5 mm thick slice and 256 x 256 signal matrix were respectively used in place of 10 mm and 128 x 128 matrix. These were resulted from the effect of respiratory and cardiac motion artifacts inevitable in thoracic imaging. And one of the best choices was concluded as SE400/40, 10 mm slice, 128 x 128 signal matrix. Based on the results above mentioned, MR imaging of 18 normal cases were studied. And the evaluation of the normal thoracic MR images with SE400/40 was similar to those of other investigators. (author)