[en] With the given variety of damage risks it is proposed to form groups of damage risks like groups of damage objects, of damage types and of damage sources as well as risk groups in order to get a general view. This limiting information on the concept of damage risk shows the way of influencing risks. The greatest possible influence offer the removal of the damage source, a separation of damage source from damage object, the elimination of damage types, the reduction of the damage amount and the reduction of the damage frequency. (DG)

[en] The book begins with brief statements from representatives of political organizations. Part II presents an overview of the discussion about the control and management of technological progress. Parts III and IV discuss important elements in citizens' perception of technological risks and the development of consensus on how to deal with them. In Part V practical problems in the application of risk assessment and management, and in Part VI additional points are summarized. (DG)

No abstract available

[en] In this article some of the measures taken at our own institution to control the radiation dose to staff are outlined and tentative estimates are made of the dose equivalent for staff engaged in similar radiation work throughout the country. From these estimates, some conclusions are drawn concerning the level of risk to such staff resulting from their work, and these conclusions are set against the numbers of investigations and treatments carried out. (author)

[en] In the opinion of the expert on applied economics the diagnosis and assessment of risks must be founded systematically. Check lists of dangers or special test methods for risks are used in cases which exceed an absolute or relative order or other quantitative properties. (DG)

[en] Risk assessment has become a popular, controversial, and sometimes misunderstood subject in the nuclear field. Part of the difficulty is the use of different meanings by different investigators, as well as variations in the depth of analysis considered to be appropriate. This paper discusses the various meanings, suggests a specific meaning for decisions involving radiological hazards, considers the phases of such an analysis, and proposes an approach to be used where the methodology is incomplete

[en] The problems of nuclear safety are analyzed as raised from the events at the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant. Human factors, safety systems and new emergency measures are thoroughly discussed

[en] Estimates of the health effects associated with the use of energy from various sources, including nuclear, fossil, and renewable resources, bear increasingly on the choice between the major energy options, now and in the future. Such comparisons are most appropriately based on the health effects per unit of electrical or other energy produced. They relate importantly to those energy options most likely to replace oil in the future, and they should properly represent the sum of the effects of all steps in the fuel cycles including fabrication and construction. The published comparisons all agree that coal is substantially more hazardous to health than the nuclear fuels, and the one relevant assessment of solar energy places it in an intermediate position. The levels of radiation exposure from nuclear energy are currently minute, and may in the future be expected to equal no more than one tenth the present average exposure from diagnostic radiology on this continent. (author)

[en] The causal analysis is an important aid in qualifying the risk of technical systems. It proceeds from the causes and provides us with clear statements whereas reversed consequences are not always clear. When analyzing chains of cause and effect the differential diagnosis offers the possibility of determining the different chains of cause and effect. The application of both methods is for economic reasons limited to a small range of technology. (DG)

[en] This paper deals with Probalistic Risk Assessment (PRA) studies and their results. The PRA is a combination of logic structures and analytical techniques that can be used to estimate the likelihood and consequences of events that have not been observed because of their low frequency occurrence. At first attitudes concerning PRA reports were controversial principally because of their new techniques and complex multidisciplinary nature. However these attitudes changed following the accident at Three Mile Island in 1979. Many people after this event came to appreciate the risks associated with the operation of nuclear power plants, and since the TMI accident there has been a rapid expansion, in the use of PRA in the US and other countries. (NEA)