[en] The WIPP water-balance study area defined here comprises approx.2000 mi² in Eddy and Lea Counties, southeastern New Mexico. Inflows to the study area are precipitation (roughly 1.47 x 10⁶ ac-ft/y), surface water (roughly 1.1 x 10⁵ ac-ft/y), water imported by municipalities and industries (roughly 3 x 10⁴ ac-ft/y), and ground water (volume not estimated). Outflows from the area are evapotranspiration (roughly 1.5 x 10⁶ ac-ft/y), surface water (roughly 1.2 x 10⁵ ac-ft/y), and possibly some ground water. The volume of surface and ground water in storage in Nash Draw has increased since the beginning of potash refining. Regional ground-water flow in aquifers above the Salado Formation is from the northeast to the southwest, although this pattern is interrupted by Clayton Basin, Nash Draw, and San Simon Swale. The Pecos River is the only important perennial stream. Most of the area has no integrated surface-water drainage. The available data suggest that approx.1600 mi² of the study area are hydrologically separate from Nash Draw and the WIPP site. Ground water north of Highway 180 apparently discharges into Clayton Basin and evaporates. Water in San Simon Swale apparently percolates downward and flows to the southeast. Data are inadequate to create a water budget for the Nash Draw-WIPP site hydrologic system alone, although an attempt to do so can provide guidance for further study

[en] As water crises become severe, the desire to explore alternative strategies that focus on the demand-side of water-conservation increase. Changing behaviour through persuasion (message framing) can be an integral part of providing water demand solutions. In this study, we examined the effectiveness of messages related to household water use on water scarcity and intentions to act. We tested whether relationships between communication and water conservation were mediated via increasing capability, opportunity, and motivation behaviour (COM-B dimensions). We applied two message types related to concern about severe water scarcity and conservation strategies to the behaviour change conditions in two combinations: (1) severe water scarcity and water-saving tips/strategies, and (2) severe water scarcity and no water-saving tips/strategies. There was broad support for the hypothesis that COM-B dimensions would mediate the effect of message type on water scarcity concern and intentions to act in conservation activities. Households that received the message framed in terms of water-saving tips/strategies expressed greater water scarcity concern and higher intention to act than those that received the no water-saving tips/strategies message. Mediation analyses showed that the message framed in terms of specific water-saving tips/strategies was mediated by increasing households’ capacity (self-efficacy), opportunity and/or motivation in water-conservation actions. Thus, specific water-conservation strategies made available to households have a stronger impact on water-conservation behaviour because these messages appeal to behavioural change conditions.

[en] In order to clarify the principle of water diversion during the dry years of the Tarim River Basin, taking the water volumes at 75% and 90% of the dry season in the source region of the Tarim River as an example, the ecological and economic benefits of the source and mainstream areas under a certain amount of water were calculated respectively. Based on the differences in benefits, it is necessary to determine whether the amount of water in a dry year should remain in the source or in the mainstream. The results show that the following principles need to be followed in the basin for the dry years of water diversion: (1) The principle of being mainly water conservancy departments, supplemented by other relevant departments, and cooperating with each other should be adhered to. (2) Insist on giving top priority to social stability, ensure that residents produce water for their own lives, and take into account the principles of other water uses. (3) Adhere to the principle of moderate and flexible water dispatch in dry season. (4) Adhere to the principle of fairness and maximize benefits. (paper)

[en] Nineteen hand-dug wells were sampled from five different localities within Baruwa community of Lagos namely: Baruwa (BAR), Fatade (FATJ, Gowon Estate (GOW), Abesan (ABE), and Low Cost Housing Estate (LCH). Three control hand dug wells were also sampled from Ipaja (IPA), Asipa (ASI) and Agege (AGE). Chemical and statistical analyses were carried out on the water samples to determine their quality and usage while electrical resistively soundings were conducted to determine the aquiferous units. The study area was mapped by GIS using parameters such as distance from spillage point, total dissolved solid, conductivity, depth of water table, altitude etc. The present study focused on the use of GIS, hydrochemical and geophysical techniques to delineate polluted zones in the Baruwa community aquifers and to suggest possible remedial measures. Hydrochemical results show that samples collected from Baruwa community have been contaminated while samples collected from the control wells are potable. The results of the sounding data show a system of four to five geoelectric layers with variable thicknesses. The lithounits include top soil, saturated clay, sandy clay, sand and conglomeratic sand with average resistivity of the 64, 32, 167, 278 and 1299 m respectively. The relatively high resistivity of the first aquifer (20 m) suggests hydrocarbon contamination from wells within Baruwa community while, low resistivity values were observed from the first aquifers of the control wells. However, prolific uncontaminated aquifers constitute the last layer (>30 m) and could be recommended for borehole drilling in the study area. The outcome of this investigation could be used for groundwater exploration in the area. The outcome of this investigation could be used for groundwater exploration in the area and could also be applied to the broader domain of land-use management

[en] Global changes, e.g. global warming, elevated nitrogen deposition, and shifts of precipitation regime, exert a major influence on forests via affecting plant water use efficiency (WUE) and plant nitrogen (N) availability. Large-scale ecological sampling can help us to better understand variation across regions and provide opportunities to investigate the potential impacts of multiple aspects of global change on forest ecosystem responses. Here, we determine the geographical patterns of key isotopic measures of ecosystem function—plant WUE (calculated from foliar δ¹³C values) and plant N availability (assessed by foliar δ¹⁵N values)—across China’s forests covering ∼21 latitude (∼22–43°N) and ∼28 longitude (∼93–121°E) degree, and investigate how a suite of soil, plant, and atmospheric factors regulate them. We found that plant WUE increased but N availability decreased with latitude, while plant WUE and N availability did not vary with longitudinal gradient. Different factors regulate the large-scale patterns in WUE and N availability. The mean annual temperature, atmospheric N deposition, and soil water content exhibit considerable effects on plant WUE over both the north-to-south and east-to-west transects, while the mean annual precipitation, soil potassium content, foliar N, and precipitation seasonality considerably affect the latitudinal patterns of plant N availability. In addition, the east-to-west spatial pattern in plant N availability is associated with the variation in solar radiation. Our results suggest that key forest ecological functions respond to an array of environmental factors, and imply that changes in many different environmental attributes need to be considered in order to successfully assess plant WUE and N availability responses to global changes this century. (letter)

[en] Nowadays, the Spanish Urban Water sector faces the following challenges: Climate change Adaptation, Infrastructure, Regulation of the urban water sector.

[en] The objective of the present study is to apply different systems of fertigation (rainfed, R; surface drip irrigation, DI, and subsurface drip irrigation, SDI) in Vitis vinifera (L.) cv. ‘Albariño’ to evaluate the cumulative effect of water stress (water stress integral) on yield parameters and to establish the relationship between indices and production. The study was conducted over four years (2010-2013) in a commercial vineyard (Galicia, NW Spain). The volumetric soil water content (θ) (with TDR) and predawn (ψp), midday (ψm) and stem (ψstem) leaf-water potential were determined with a water activity meter during the growing stages (flowering-harvest) from 2010-2013. The number of clusters, their weight and yield/vine were determined at harvest. Must composition was studied to evaluate nutrition treatments. Ψp is presented as the best indicator of the water status of the plant, and the sole use of θ is not recommended as a reference. The soil-plant water status variables were strongly correlated, especially between foliar variables (0.91< R2<0.98), with θ presenting the lowest reliability (0.28< R2<0.81). SDI was the treatment with the highest hydric comfort and greater yield/vine (6.1 kg) and weight per cluster (95.0 g), but lower elements concentration in must. The water stress integral showed that the veraison and harvest stages were very sensitive to water stress in vines. Linear relationships were established between Sψp and W (R2=0.65) and Y (R2=0.56) at veraison. The water stress integral is presented as a useful working tool for vine growers because it allows the prediction of future yield at early phenological states. (Author)

[en] Particular, point of view of how we have lived in recent years, the evolution in water management, treatment, and the needs of our customers. In addition, the technologies have revolutionized concepts, the way of doing things and especially people.

No abstract available

[en] LDPE pipes give controlled and efficient irrigation practices for plant-water requirement. All five sizes of pipes i.e. 13.0, 25.7, 31.5, 38 and 50 mm with wall thicknesses of 1.4, 1.8, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 mm respectively in 100 and 200 m lengths were selected for determination of pressure-discharge relationships, manufacturing coefficient of variation and friction coefficient. The pipes were operated at pressure ranging from 10 to 50 psi (7.00 -35.00 meter head) with an increment of 5 psi. The discharge of different sizes of LDPE pipes was measured under various pressures. The average discharge of the pipes with 13.0, 25.7, 31.5, 38 and 50 mm pipe sizes between 10 to 50 psi pressure heads were 0.058, 0.301, 0.402, 0.909 and 2.076 lps respectively for 100 meter pipe length and 0.056, 0.10, 0.13, 0.45 and 1.993 lps respectively for 200 meter pipe length. The average friction head loss of the pipes with 13.0, 25.7, 31.5, 38 and 50 mm pipe sizes between 10 to 50 psi pressure heads were 3.21, 2.51, 1.66, 3.99 and 3.64 meter per 100 meter pipe length and 6.44, 5.03, 3.15, 6.79 and 6.85 meter per 200 meter pipe length respectively. The average C-value of all sizes of selected pipes for both lengths between 10-50 psi was indicated 18% less than the recommend value. Results indicated that the discharge, friction head losses and friction coefficient increased with the increase in pressure. This study helped describe the optimal pressure requirement to achieve the desirable discharge low friction head losses and minimum friction coefficients. (author)