[en] An overview is given of recent measurements of K x rays associated with specific projectile charge-changing interactions in ion-atom collisions. Such measurements are used to isolate and investigate fundamental atomic inner-shell processes such as excitation, ionization, and charge transfer. Experimentally, these processes are identified by detecting coincidences between x rays (emitted from either the projectile or target) and the outgoing projectile charge state of interest. A mechanism of particular significance is that of electron capture accompanied by simultaneous K-shell excitation of the projectile. Such capture-with-excitation is qualitatively analogous to an inverse Auger transition (dielectronic recombination) in the collision of a free electron with a highly stripped ion. Strong evidence for the existence of this process has been obtained in recent experiments which indicate that capture-with-excitation may account for as much as 25% of the total K-vacancy production for lithium-like projectiles in the velocity range studied. Capture-with-excitation is also found to affect target x-ray yields due to K vacancy sharing. For hydrogenlike ions, x rays in coincidence with electron capture were used to determine the probability for capture to excited states (n greater than or equal to 2). In other measurements projectile K x-ray coincidences with outgoing projectile charge states q-l, q+l, and q+2 indicate that as much as 50% of the x rays emitted by the projectile can be associated with charge-changing events