[en] Physical principles are considered at which are based new types of detectors for ionizing and nonionizing radiations: detectors with superconducting tunnel junctions, thermal instruments on the principle of a microcalorimeter and detectors with absorbers in the form of large monocrystals. The instruments permit to achieve the more resolution than the known semiconductor ones and have the lower energy threshold. A possibility is discussed of application of high-temperature superconducting materials. 27 refs.; 20 figs.; 1 tab