[en] A review of the theoretical and computational aspects of plasma-wall transition is presented. The conditions for the existence of plasma sheaths in front of a solid surface are established. Various regimes are analyzed -collisionless and collisional, fluid and kinetic, with and without ionization. The partition of the plasma-wall transition into distinct regions (Debye sheath, quasi-neutral presheath, magnetic presheath, etc...) is also discussed. Applications to the theory of electrostatic probes are illustrated by means of a recently developed kinetic model. The influence of the probe on ion temperature measurements is studied in detail. (authors)