[en] Full text: Intensive and insufficiently controlled human industrial activities, ignoring regional geological and geochemical processes, resulted in considerable chemical pollution and radioactive contamination of these river's basins, where some large nuclear power plants, uranium and chemical enterprises, oil and gas productions are also located. This epidemiological and environmental situation aggravated further after USSR collapse and the establishment of new independent states due to lack of the appropriate environmental monitoring in those countries and on their near-border areas in particular, that contributed to further aggravation of the political tension and economic destabilization between transboundary countries. The environmental situation here is one of most unfavorable among world water ecosystems. In recent years different pollutants (radionuclides, toxins, organic substances and heavy metals) activate reduction processes in bottom sediments, that lead to changes in sulfur and carbon cycles, the oxygen deficit in water, to eutrophication of water reservoirs and their biological degradation. Today the development of total environmental monitoring systems is clearly necessary for operative current control, ensuring preparedness and prediction of any potential emergencies of global and local scales and their long-term effects. The objectives for presented monitoring systems are to: (1)study sources and mechanisms of chemical pollution and radioactive contamination of water basins of Volga (the largest river in Europe and Russia), Terek and Ural rivers flowed into Caspian Sea, and Ob, Irtysh and Tom ones, flowed into Kara Sea in Arctic Ocean within RF territory; (2) develop the well-ground database (DB) on contamination; (3) the using of the obtained results for the operative current trans boundary control, monitoring and protection of freshwater resources; (4) modeling of pollutant's migration. There is no way to provide solution of environmental protection problems by some separate region or state and only the joint coordinated efforts of all countries are necessary. The presented our development is the important part in two International Programs: 'Joint International researches and creation of common system of radiation and hydrochemical monitoring of rivers of Caspian Sea Basin on the territories of Russia, Kazakhstan, Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan for trans boundary control objectives' and 'Study of the sources and peculiarities of radionuclide and chemical contamination for the creation of joint radiation monitoring system of the Ob -Irtysh rivers on the territories of RF and Kazakhstan Republic' In result the new data on contamination and pollution of these basins will be obtained; the most contaminated areas and objects will be identified and described from the viewpoint of their potential and real hazard; the developed detail DB, comprising a variety of information on ecological situation of these basins, will be generated; scientifically-justified recommendations and proposals on control, limitation and prevention of the main possible mechanisms of pollutant/contaminant discharges to the river's system will be developed and then used for solution of the problem of trans boundary control and water resource protection. Two well-grounded Program's schemes on the radioecological and hydrochemical monitoring with DB will provide to the development of the geoinformation ecological monitoring system (GIS), that will be used in forecast of health effects and the degree of their manifestation and spreading, decision making on countermeasures and prophylaxis of local population, protection of flora and fauna, agricultural production, etc. These measures will result in enormous savings of financial expenditures to cover consequences of ecological disasters that can happen due to diseases following environmental contamination and consumption of contaminated products. In 21st century fresh water is becoming a new great deficit source and also these Programs will promote the development and realization of a new international complex well-grounded ecological policy, including rational usage and management of all fresh water resources under trans-boundary influence. These Programs will be promote the realization of concept of substantial development with growth of economical cooperation and stability, decreasing of political stress not only for the countries- participants, but also at global scale for all countries, located at the continent. (author)