[en] The subject of this thesis is the investigation of the thermal transport properties of three classes of transition-metal oxides: Cuprates, cobaltates, and manganites. The layered cuprates R₂CuO₄ with R=La, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, and Gd show an anomalous thermal conductivity κ. Two maxima of κ are observed as a function of temperature for a heat current within the CuO₂ planes, whereas for a heat current perpendicular to the CuO₂ planes only a conventional phononic low-temperature maximum of κ is present. Evidence is provided that the high-temperature maximum is caused by heat-carrying excitations on the CuO₂ square lattice. Moreover, it is shown that the complex low-temperature and magnetic-field behavior of κ in Nd₂CuO₄ is most likely caused by additional phonon scattering rather than by heat-carrying Nd magnons, as it was proposed in the literature. In the cobaltates RCoO₃ with R=La, Pr, Nd, and Eu, a temperature-induced spin-state transition of the Co³⁺ ions occurs. It is shown that the additional lattice disorder caused by the random distribution of populated higher spin states causes a large suppression of the thermal conductivity of LaCoO₃ for T>25 K. The effect is much weaker in PrCoO₃ and NdCoO₃ due to the increased spin gap. A quantitative analysis of the responsible mechanisms based on EuCoO₃ as a reference compound is provided. A main result is that the static disorder is sufficient to explain the suppression of κ. No dynamical Jahn-Teller distortion, as proposed in the literature, is necessary to enhance the scattering strength. Below 25 K, k is mainly determined by resonant phonon scattering on paramagnetic impurity levels, e.g. caused by oxygen non-stoichiometry. Such a suppression of the thermal conductivity by resonant scattering processes is e.g. known from Holmium ethylsulfate. This effect is most pronounced in LaCoO₃, presumably due to magnetic polaron formation. In the doped compounds La_1-xSr_xCoO₃ with 0≤x≤0.25, a large thermopower, a low thermal conductivity, and a considerable large thermoelectric figure of merit is found. Here, κ is strongly suppressed by the Sr-induced magnetic polarons, whereas the large thermopower arises from a large entropy contribution due to the different spin states of Co³⁺ and Co⁴⁺. In the orthorhombic manganites NdMnO₃ and TbMnO₃ complex temperature and field dependencies of κ are observed. In combination with magnetic-field dependent thermal expansion measurements it is shown that the dominating effect determining κ is resonant phonon scattering by the 4f orbitals of the R³⁺ ions. The complicated magnetic structure of TbMnO₃ at low temperature as well as the ferroelectricity has only a minor influence on the thermal conductivity. (orig.)