[en] This PhD thesis has been carried out in the framework of ALTO Project (Accelerateur Lineaire Aupres du Tandem d'Orsay). a project exploiting photofission mode of neutron-rich nuclei for ISOL facilities. Our work deals with adaptation modes of the production environment represented by the target-ion source unit. We undertook an exhaustive radioprotection study in order to design and define the kinds of shielding necessary to face intense flux of photons and neutrons generated in the production target. Monte Carlo simulation with FLUKA code allowed to calculate the simultaneous transport of photons and neutrons with an entire modelling of very complicated geometrical structures. For the target-source unit and the critical points of beam loss, we propose an optimized shielding based mainly on the segmented structure. We have studied the adequacy of a thick carbide uranium target to produce neutron-rich nuclei by photofission. In particular, comparing the results of simulation with the experimental data, we have benchmarked FLUKA code for photofission with a 50 MeV electron beam. Finally, we present our works on the design and development of a FEBIAD-type-ion-source prototype: IRENA ion source, designed for next generation facilities. This work shows how important radioprotection considerations are also involved in the design of the ion source. (author)