[en] We investigated whether uranium intoxication affects female fertility by assessing its effects on ovarian function and on the oocyte. We treated two groups of female mice for 15 weeks with 5, 50 or 400 mg/L of uranyl nitrate in drinking water. In the first group, mice were euthanized immediately after intoxication. Mice of the second group were paired after intoxication with untreated males. Dams and their female pups were euthanized 3 months after the end of intoxication. We assayed the kidneys, femurs and one ovary per female for U content and collected the other ovary for histology. The number and size of all the ovarian follicles were analyzed. Mice from the first group and female pups had significantly fewer large antral follicles (O > 200 μm) than the untreated mice. By contrast, dams in the second group had more secondary and early preantral follicles (O 70-110 μm) than untreated mice. However, U had no effect on follicle atresia. We then analyzed the in vitro effects of U on oocyte maturation and fragmentation. GV-oocytes were cultured in the presence of 1 mM uranyl acetate and observed for 72 h. Oocyte maturation was slowed down by U during resumption of meiosis and at metaphase II. However, the rhythm and rate of oocyte fragmentation were similar to those of control mice. Our findings demonstrate that U induces changes in folliculogenesis and oocyte maturation in mice and could consequently represent a risk for women who are chronically exposed