[en] The ALICE Experiment is one of the four experiments installed at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). One of its detector-systems, the Transition Radiation Detector (TRD), is a gas detector designed for electron identification and charged particle tracking. The charged particle ionizes the gas along its path and electrons drift in an uniform field of 700 V/cm over 3 cm before being amplified. We implemented procedures to calibrate the drift velocity of the electrons, the time-offset of the signal, the amplification factor and the width of the Pad Response Function (PDF) characterizing the sharing of the deposited charge over adjacent pads. Physics events (pp and PbPb collisions) will be used. The performances of the algorithms were tested on simulated pp collisions at √(s)=14 TeV and on first real data taken with cosmic-rays in the ALICE setup. The calibration software was installed on the Data Acquisition System at CERN and executed continuously during the cosmic-ray data taking in 2008, providing a first determination of the calibration constants. This thesis presents also a study on the capability of the ALICE central barrel to detect the Z⁰ boson through the decay Z⁰→e⁺e^- in pp collisions at 14 TeV. We demonstrated that the Z⁰→e⁺e^- is characterized by a very clean signal in the dielectron reconstructed invariant mass spectrum. At such high transverse momentum (about 45 GeV/c), the electrons from Z⁰ are identified with the Transition Radiation Detector. The remaining background from misidentified pions and electrons from heavy-flavored decays are rejected by the requirement of two isolated reconstructed tracks. The main challenge comes from the very small production rate. Therefore we estimated the efficiency of a trigger based on a low p_T cut and electron identification with the TRD and showed that about 100 Z⁰→e⁺e^- can be reconstructed per year employing such a trigger. Another physics topics investigated in this thesis is the measurement of the charm and bottom production via their semileptonic decays. In this work, we studied the electrons from c and b decays reconstructed in the central barrel. For 10⁸ minimum-bias events at √(s)=10 TeV (as was initially expected for the year 2008), a p_T of about 6 GeV/c can be reached. The electrons are identified with the Time Projection Chamber, TRD and Time-Of-Flight. First estimations of the contamination and Particle Identification efficiency based on a Bayesian approach were performed. At high p_T, electrons from heavy-flavored hadrons become dominant but at low p_T the main source of electrons is gamma conversion in the detector material and the π⁰ Dalitz decay. We showed that the expected signal-tobackground ratio, which was found to be similar as in the PHENIX experiment for pp collisions at √(s)=200 GeV, will allow a measurement of the charm and bottom cross-sections. (orig.)