[en] This thesis aims to develop a method for numerical modelling of fluid flow through fractured porous media and for determination of their effective permeability by taking advantage of recent results based on formulation of the problem by Singular Integral Equations. In parallel, it was also an occasion to continue on the theoretical development and to obtain new results in this area. The governing equations for flow in such materials are reviewed first and mass conservation at the fracture intersections is expressed explicitly. Using the theory of potential, the general potential solutions are proposed in the form of a singular integral equation that describes the steady-state flow in and around several fractures embedded in an infinite porous matrix under a far-field pressure condition. These solutions represent the pressure field in the whole body as functions of the infiltration in the fractures, which fully take into account the fracture interaction and intersections. Closed-form solutions for the fundamental problem of fluid flow around a single fracture are derived, which are considered as the benchmark problems to validate the numerical solutions. In particular, the solution obtained for the case of an elliptical disc-shaped crack obeying to the Poiseuille law has been compared to that obtained for ellipsoidal inclusions with Darcy law.The numerical programs have been developed based on the singular integral equations method to resolve the general potential equations. These allow modeling the fluid flow through a porous medium containing a great number of fractures. Besides, this formulation of the problem also allows obtaining a semi-analytical infiltration solution over a single fracture depending on the matrice permeability, the fracture conductivity and the fracture geometry. This result is the important key to up-scaling the effective permeability of a fractured porous medium by using different homogenisation schemes. The results obtained by the self-consistent scheme have been in particular established. The multi-region approach can be used to extend the general potential solution written for the infinite domain to that for a finite domain. A closed-form solution for flow in and around a single partially saturated fracture, surrounded by an infinite matrix subjected to a far-field condition, is also derived combining the solutions for a superconductive fracture and for an impervious fracture. This solution is then employed to estimate the effective permeability of unsaturated fractured porous media.The effective permeability model is applied to study the hydro-mechanical behaviour of a fault zone constituted by a clay core surrounded by fractured zones in the context of CO₂ geological storage. The pressure injection induces an overpressure in the reservoir that may affect the permeability of the fractured zones leading to complex coupled hydro-mechanical phenomena. The simulation results allow evaluating the risk of leakage of the reservoir brine to higher aquifers as well as the risk of fault reactivation. (author)