[en] We report on studies of projectile excited states produced by electron capture in both low and high velocity regimes, and when highly charged ions (HCIs) collide either with dilute or dense matter. Quantum effects in the interaction dynamics are probed via high-resolution x-ray spectroscopy for Ar"1"7"+ at 7 keV u"−"1 and for Ar"1"8"+ at 13.6 MeV u"−"1 on Ar, N_2 or CH_4 gas targets and on carbon solid foils. Relevant comparison between those two collision velocity regimes, and between gaseous and solid targets reveal specific features. In particular, the effect of multiple capture process occurring within a single-collision with gaseous target can be compared with the consequence of multistep collisions arising at surfaces and in solid-bulk at low velocity. At high velocity, beside evidence for collective response of the target electrons due to the wake field induced by HCI passing through the solid-bulk, we demonstrate that excitation and ionization collision processes damp the populations of projectile excited states for long ion transit times. The evolution of the np population as a function of n in solid is at variance from the 1/n"3 law found in gas, and the disagreement increases with solid target thickness. We have also tackled studies of HCIs in collision with clusters showing that x-ray spectroscopy provides a powerful tool to sign the presence of clusters in a supersonic gas jet. (paper)