[en] We present measurements of E-mode polarization and temperature-E-mode correlation in the cosmic microwave background using data from the first season of observations with SPTpol, the polarization-sensitive receiver currently installed on the South Pole Telescope (SPT). The observations used in this work cover 100 ${\mathrm{d}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{g}}^2$ of sky with arcminute resolution at 150 GHz. We report the E-mode angular auto-power spectrum (EE) and the temperature-E-mode angular cross-power spectrum (TE) over the multipole range 500 < ℓ ≤ 5000. These power spectra improve on previous measurements in the high-ℓ (small-scale) regime. We fit the combination of the SPTpol power spectra, data from Planck, and previous SPT measurements with a six-parameter ΛCDM cosmological model. We find that the best-fit parameters are consistent with previous results. The improvement in high-ℓ sensitivity over previous measurements leads to a significant improvement in the limit on polarized point-source power: after masking sources brighter than 50 mJy in unpolarized flux at 150 GHz, we find a 95% confidence upper limit on unclustered point-source power in the EE spectrum of $D_{\mathrm{\ell <!--\; ???\; -->}}=\mathrm{\ell <!--\; ???\; -->}(\mathrm{\ell <!--\; ???\; -->}+1)C_{\mathrm{\ell <!--\; ???\; -->}}/2\mathrm{\pi <!--\; ??\; -->}<<!--\; <\; -->0.40\mathrm{\mu <!--\; ??\; -->}{\mathrm{K}}^2$ at $\mathrm{\ell <!--\; ???\; -->}=3000$, indicating that future EE measurements will not be limited by power from unclustered point sources in the multipole range $\mathrm{\ell <!--\; ???\; -->}<<!--\; <\; -->3600$, and possibly much higher in $\mathrm{\ell <!--\; ???\; -->}.$