[en] Highlights: • Plasma surface melting modified high-Cr cast iron (sharp refined dendrites and carbides). • Melting led to oversaturated austenite and two types of eutectic carbide morphology. • Post-heat treatment led to nano-carbide precipitation and martensite transformation. • Transformation sequences have been clarified with the aid of FEM and ThermoCalc. Plasma transferred arc technique was used for the surface modification of 14.5 wt%-Cr cast iron. The objective of this work was to investigate the microstructural and hardness changes, caused by plasma surface melting and post heat treatment. The processing parameters were: arc current 250 A, voltage 60 V, working gas – argon, scanning speed: 0.25 m/min which ensured the surface temperature about 1500 °C. The study involved optical microscopy, SEM/EDS, XRD, Finite element modeling (FEM), Thermo-Calc calculations and microhardness measurements. A modified melted layer of about 230 μm depth was obtained comprising 10-fold refined dendrites and eutectic carbides as compared with conventional casting. The as plasma treated layer contained supersaturated austenite and “fresh” eutectic “austenite + M₇C₃” crystallized after melting. The latter formed fine networks or “massive” areas comprising fine carbide plates and fibers. A shell/core structure in coarse dendrites was revealed with different contents of Cr and secondary carbides. Post-heat treatment (isothermal holding at 800 °C for 2 h followed by oil quenching) resulted in precipitation of nano-sized secondary carbides in austenite followed by martensite transformation, which significantly increased the microhardness of the melted layer. Phase transformation phenomena and sequences are discussed based on Finite Element/Thermo-Calc modeling, EDS-investigation and hardness profile results.