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AbstractAbstract
[en] Hydrogen - This simple, very abundant element holds great promise to contribute to the transition towards a cleaner future energy system, but under which techno-economic and political conditions? This thesis is a contribution to the assessment of the hydrogen penetration feasibility into the energy system, using a multi-model approach. The focus is put on low-carbon hydrogen, obtained by electrolysis.Our multi-regional analysis on the European, American, Chinese and Japanese energy context (presenting contrasted energy challenges) show that, with the current energy policies implemented which result in a modest penetration of hydrogen into the energy system, hydrogen may achieve approximately 3% of the effort that needs to be done by the four regions, in order to limit the increase of the temperature to 2 C, compared to pre-industrial levels. We highlight in this thesis that blending hydrogen with natural gas, and thereby avoiding methane leakages to a certain extent, may represent a significant contribution in achieving the carbon mitigation goals. The hydrogen market analysis has been carried out following two steps. First, each market (industrial and energy-related) was tackled aside in order to propose market entry costs considering the four energy contexts and investigate the time frame of the market penetration potential. Then, the different hydrogen applications were examined within the overall energy system through the TIMES-PT model (for a Portugal case study), allowing to investigate the hydrogen potential for energy sector coupling. Based on this work, the markets attractiveness was evaluated: mobility (using fuel cell vehicles) appears to be the most favourable.Then, we tackled the required costs over the whole hydrogen supply chain in order to enter the mobility market. To do so, we used temporally and spatially resolved models (GLAES, EuroPower and InfraGis) starting with the production side where we studied the hydrogen potential role in providing the electricity system with flexibility and the impact of such electrolysis operation on the hydrogen generation costs in the context of high shares of renewable energies in France. Our results show that hydrogen can contribute to improve the flexibility of the electric system by allowing avoiding renewable curtailment (between 1.4 and 7.9 TWh depending on the interconnection capacity scenario) but also by taking advantage of nuclear plant available energy (thereby avoiding nuclear ramping), the latter ensuring a low carbon and low cost electricity provision. However, a special attention needs to be dedicated to the utilisation rate of the electrolyser, to keep the hydrogen production costs low enough.Last but not least, we focused on how to link the hydrogen production sites and its final use for mobility applications, the delivery infrastructure being a major issue hampering the hydrogen investments. Five transport and delivery pathways were geographically designed and economically assessed, for the French case. According to our findings, during the very first market penetration phases (1% scenario), it is more interesting to start with decentralised production that proved to be less expensive for the whole pathway at this stage. (author)
[fr]
L'hydrogene - Cet element simple et tres abondant pourrait etre un contributeur cle a la transition energetique, mais dans quelles conditions technico-economiques et politiques? Cette these propose une contribution a l'evaluation de la faisabilite de penetration de l'hydrogene dans le systeme energetique, en mettant en oeuvre differents modeles qui permettent des eclairages complementaires. Elle se concentre sur l'hydrogene bas carbone, obtenu par electrolyse de l'eau. Notre analyse multiregionale qui porte sur le contexte energetique europeen, americain, chinois et japonais (regions qui presentent des defis energetiques contrastes) montre que les politiques energetiques actuelles ne facilitent qu'une faible penetration de l'hydrogene dans le systeme energetique, lui permettant de realiser environ 3% de l'effort a fournir par les quatre regions afin de limiter l'augmentation de la temperature a 2 C par rapport aux niveaux preindustriels. Nous soulignons dans cette these que l'injection d'hydrogene dans les reseaux de gaz naturel qui permet dans une certaine mesure d'eviter des fuites de methane a fort pouvoir de rechauffement, pourrait jouer un role significatif dans la realisation des objectifs de reduction des emissions de gaz a effet de serre. L'analyse des marches de l'hydrogene a ete menee en deux etapes. Tout d'abord, chaque marche (industriel ou energetique) a ete aborde individuellement afin d'etablir des couts d'entree sur ce marche (pour les differents contextes energetiques consideres). Ensuite, les differentes applications de l'hydrogene ont ete resituees en interaction avec l'ensemble du systeme energetique a travers le modele TIMES-PT et un cas d'etude portant sur le Portugal, permettant ainsi d'examiner le potentiel de couplage entre les secteurs energetiques rendu possible par l'hydrogene. Ces travaux ont permis de qualifier l'attractivite des differents marches, celui de la mobilite apparaissant comme le plus favorable. Nous nous sommes ensuite interesses aux couts requis sur l'ensemble de la chaine d'approvisionnement en hydrogene afin de penetrer le marche de la mobilite. Pour ce faire, nous avons utilise des modeles avec une maille geographique et temporelle fine (GLAES, EuroPower et InfraGis), en commencant par l'etape de production. Nous avons etudie le role potentiel de l'hydrogene pour la fourniture de flexibilite au systeme electrique dans un contexte de forte penetration des energies renouvelables intermittentes en France. Nos resultats montrent que l'hydrogene pourrait permettre non seulement d'eviter d'ecreter la production d'energies renouvelables (entre 1,4 et 7,9 TWh en fonction du scenario de capacite d'interconnexion), mais pourrait aussi mettre a profit l'energie nucleaire disponible (bas carbone donc), evitant par-la d'imposer de fortes rampes de puissances aux centrales. Cependant, une attention particuliere doit etre accordee au taux d'utilisation de l'electrolyseur afin de maintenir les couts de production d'hydrogene suffisamment bas. Enfin, nous nous sommes concentres sur l'approvisionnement de l'hydrogene, depuis les sites de production jusqu'a l'utilisation pour la mobilite, la question de l'infrastructure etant un probleme majeur entravant les investissements dans l'hydrogene. Cinq filieres d'approvisionnement (transport et distribution) ont ete developpees a la maille regionale et comparees sur le plan economique pour le cas francais. Nos resultats montrent que, lors des toutes premieres phases de penetration du marche (scenario 1%), il est plus interessant de privilegier la production decentralisee.Original Title
Systemes a hydrogene: quelle contribution au systeme energetique? Resultats de plusieurs approches de modelisation
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7 Nov 2019; 298 p; 401 refs.; Available from the INIS Liaison Officer for France, see the INIS website for current contact and E-mail addresses; Ingenierie des Systemes Complexes
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Thesis/Dissertation
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